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October 15, 2019

Piet Mondrian and The Challenge Faced by Modern Artists

1938—A modern artist by the name of Piet Mondrian has left Paris to escape a paranoia that he had been developing, despite France being a safe zone for artists at the time. As a modern artist, Mondrian felt that he was threatened by the Nazis for the type of art he was making, and that maybe Paris, being so close to Nazi Germany, was too unsafe for him, at least in his mind. The reason for his developing paranoia about the Nazis emerged when the Nazi regime held their “Degenerate Art Exhibit” in 1937.

Nazi leaders view the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich, February 22, 1938 | Courtesy of Wikipedia

In this Exhibit, the Nazis showcased 740 art pieces by modern artists for the sole purpose of ridiculing and mocking their art. The modern art under attack included art from the styles of impressionism, cubism, expressionism, Dada, and Bauhaus.1 Not only were Mondrian’s pieces showcased as exhibits of “degenerate art,” but so were many other prominent artist’s pieces displayed, such as the work of Vincent Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Otto Dix, and Paul Klee.2 The art that they created was denounced by the Nazis as “barbarism of representation,” “decadent of culture,” “nature as seen by sick minds,” and “madness becomes method.” From the Nazi point of view, modern art was nothing more than the promotion of degeneracy and idiocy, something that they claimed was absolutely disgusting and offensive, and must be avoided and destroyed. Many modern artists were much affected by these pronouncements, so much so that it took a physical and mental toll on many of them. Some artists in Germany were put in concentration camps, and some artists even committed suicide because they couldn’t handle the harsh treatment they had to endure. That was the fate of the famous expressionist painter of Die Bruecke group in Germany, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. After hearing these stories about how horribly modern artists were being treated in Germany, and what the Nazis were saying about modern art and doing to modern artists, Mondrian became worried, even paranoid, about the Nazis, just from the fact that they were aware of who he was and where he was. From this, Mondrian developed a mentality that he was “endangered” and had to “flee” from Paris, despite the fact that Paris was free from Nazi rule in 1938. And so Piet Mondrian left for London, or “fled from Paris” as his paranoia led him to see it.3

The Grey Tree, by Piet Mondrian, 1911 | Experimentation with Cubism prior to involvement with De Stijil | Courtesy of Wikipedia

But above all, Mondrian also yearned for a nurturing and supporting art community that understood his art and appreciated it for its merits. Born and raised in Amsterdam, Mondrian had exposure to the arts at an early age. By the time he was twenty-two, Mondrian was accepted to Amsterdam’s Academy for Fine Arts, which helped him to establish a reputation as an acclaimed landscape painter. In 1912, Mondrian arrived in Paris, where he had been able to freely develop his art style by experimenting with the styles of impressionism and cubism. Then in 1914, WWI broke out, which led him to resettle in an artists’ colony in the Netherlands, where he would continue to experiment with these art styles. In 1917, while living in Laren, Mondrian met an artist named Theo van Doesburg, and together, they founded the De Stijil (The Way) art style.4

The De Stijil Manifesto 1 by Theo van Doesburg, 1918 | Courtesy of Wikipedia.

Mondrian coined the term Neo-Plasticism to help define De Stijil as geometrical abstract paintings limited to primary colors as well as the colors black, grey, and white. In 1919, Mondrian returned to Paris from Laren to develop his De Stijil art style, where he promoted his artistic ideas to the art community of Paris. Mondrian remained in Paris from 1919 to 1938, when he left for London. During his stay in Paris, Mondrian was finding great success and recognition in his art career. He was even able to be successful without a nurturing art community that might actively engage with him. Mondrian essentially had nothing but his own artistic ideas to build upon on his own. However, once the Nazis came to power, the amount of progress Mondrian had been making with De Stijil was put in jeopardy. Despite living in a Paris that had not yet been conquered by Nazi Germany, Mondrian still felt the hand of Nazism. His work as an artist had been targeted and labeled as something degenerate and lacking of any artistic skill or merit. Mondrian’s lack of an art community had immediately become a disadvantage, as he felt that no one would support him and his career. This made Mondrian realize that the only way he could get back on his feet, so that he could create the type of art he wanted, not the type of art Hitler and the Nazis wanted, would be to find a community of supportive and nurturing artists.5

Composition in Red, Yellow, Blue and Black by Piet Mondrian, 1921 | Courtesy of Wikipedia
Piet Mondrian (left) and Pétro van Doesburg (right) in Mondrian’s Paris studio, 1923 | Courtesy of Wikipedia

In 1938, Mondrian came to London to escape Nazi attitudes towards modern art. Initially in early 1938, Mondrian didn’t want to leave Paris. However, when Mondrian became aware that his pieces were showcased in the Degenerate Art Exhibit, he realized that not only would his art career decline, but more importantly, his life would be in great danger. This predicament was the exact same situation many other modern artists were in: flee Europe, or stay in Europe and fear for their lives. In truth, Mondrian made the decision to leave Paris for New York, where his work was already held in high regard. However, a British friend of Mondrian had persuaded him to go to London instead, so he could join up with other European artists that were similarly “on the run” from the advancing Nazi regime. Mondrian was indeed welcomed by this group of artists in London, called The Circle. But unfortunately, this was not the type of art community that Mondrian was searching for and hoping to join. Yes, these artists were supportive of him, but they offered him nothing of inspiration, nor suggestions that would help him improve and develop his art. It is as if they just let him do his art on his own with no artistic communication between Mondrian and the group, which helped contribute to Mondrian’s lack of artistic development. Mondrian did in fact enjoy himself while he was in London, mainly because he enjoyed its jazz clubs and cinema. Despite his personal enjoyment, when considering his artistic endeavors, London was distracting, unfruitful, and generally extremely unproductive. Mondrian made zero developments to his art style, and he only completed a few of his Paris pieces. He didn’t start any new pieces.

60 Parkhill Rd, London NW3 2YT, UK. The building Piet Mondrian lived in during his stay in London | Courtesy of Wikipedia
60 Parkhill Rd, London NW3 2YT, UK. Blue plaque erected on the building in 1975 by Greater London Council to commemorate Mondrian | Courtesy of Wikipedia

Then in September 1940, Mondrian’s stay in London came to a close when the London Blitz began, that is, the Nazi bombing of London during the Battle of Britain. As horrible as it may sound, the London Blitz may have actually been beneficial to him, as it broke him away from these distractions and made him realize that he needed a safer place to work on his art with an art community that would back him up. Later in the month, Mondrian arrived in New York after a two-year delay.6

Upon arriving in New York in late 1940, he was immediately welcomed by the art community, including the heavily influential art collector and critic, Peggy Guggenheim.7 It should also be noted that even while in Europe, Mondrian had received considerable praise from the New York art world, being compared to and regarded as highly as other Dutch artists, including Rembrandt and Van Gogh. So it’s no wonder that he was welcomed by New York’s art community after building quite the reputation. More importantly, now that Mondrian had found his supportive community, he immediately began new art projects, while also experimenting and improving upon his art style, something he had not done in years. Some even say that the amount of experimentation Mondrian did in New York was the same amount he had done during the early days of his career. During his stay in New York, his art form began to change. He adopted the influence of the liveliness of New York City and even the city’s layout. Mondrian had also discarded his use of black lines and chose to use primary colored lines to form a rhythmic blend of horizontal and vertical lines. These new developments can be reflected in his piece, “Broadway Boogie Woogie.” Mondrian also interacted with the people in New York’s art world, much to his benefit, and he even participated in numerous art shows and exhibits, this time not the ridiculing and insulting kind, but rather the kind that celebrated and uplifted his art. Additionally, Mondrian also found various opportunities to sell his art works. Not only did Mondrian work on canvas , but he also worked on designing his entire art studio in the style of De Stijil. Upon walking through Mondrian’s art studio, prominent artist Willem de Kooning said that the studio was “like walking around in one of Mondrian’s paintings.”8 Essentially, what New York did for him was give him a breath of new life for his art career and give him new success and inspiration, thanks in part to the fact that he found and was accepted by a nurturing and supporting art community.9

“Broadway Boogie Woogie,” by Piet Mondrian, 1942-43, inspired by the design of Manhattan | Courtesy of Wikipedia
“Victory Boogie Woogie,” by Piet Mondrian, started in 1942, Mondrian never got to complete it and it was his last piece when he died | Courtesy of Wikipedia

Despite four years of newfound success, Mondrian unfortunately died of pneumonia in 1944. Closely after his death,  photographer Fernand Fonssagrives described a sensation he had felt while inside Mondrian’s studio. The sensation was an overwhelming feeling of Mondrian’s vision and ideas that radiated from the studio itself. It was almost as if Mondrian’s presence or spirit had been present in the studio itself. This statement solidifies the fact that New York’s art community contributed to a resurgence of inspiration and creativity in his art career.10

The Rietveld Schröder House, 1924. Abides to the design principles of De Stijil in terms of architecture | Courtesy of Wikipedia

 

Even after death, Mondrian is immortalized by the people that utilize and appreciate his art style and has become an artist held to a high esteem. His work is regularly showcased at some of the world’s most famous museums, including but not limited to the Museum of Modern Art, The MET, and the Guggenheim Museum. Furthermore, his acclaim is solidified by the fact that after his death, his work has sold for tens of millions of dollars, with “Victory Boogie Woogie” selling for $40 million.11 Additionally, many aspects of Mondrian’s De Stijil is present in many aspects of modern-day designing practices, which include the design of logos. Interestingly, Mondrian’s writings on De Stijil has translated to principles correlating with asymmetry and horizontal/vertical rhythm in modern architecture, chiefly in terms of design.12

Inspired by Mondrian, by Jacob Silva, 2017 | Courtesy of Jacob Silva
  1. Authors and Artists for Young Adults, 2006, s.v “Degenerate Art Exhibit” by John Merriman and Jay Winter.
  2. Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2019, s.v. “Nazi Germany Hosts the Degenerate Art Exhibition,” by Robert Brown.
  3. Authors and Artists for Young Adults, 2006, s.v “Degenerate Art Exhibit” by John Merriman and Jay Winter.
  4. Authors and Artists for Young Adults, 2005, s.v. “Piet Mondrian” by Authors and Artists for Young Adults.
  5. Piet Mondrian, Piet Mondrian : the studios : Amsterdam, Laren, Paris, London, New York (London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 2015), 232-234.
  6. Piet Mondrian, Piet Mondrian : the studios : Amsterdam, Laren, Paris, London, New York (London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 2015), 232-234.
  7. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, s.v. “Piet Mondrian,” by Hans Jaffe.
  8. Piet Mondrian, Piet Mondrian : the studios : Amsterdam, Laren, Paris, London, New York (London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 2015), 232-234.
  9. Yve-Alain Bois, and Amy Reiter-McIntosh, “Piet Mondrian, ‘New York City,’” Critical Inquiry 14, no., 2 (1988): 244-247.
  10. Piet Mondrian, Piet Mondrian : the studios : Amsterdam, Laren, Paris, London, New York (London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 2015), 232-234.
  11. Nancy J. Troy, The Afterlife of Piet Mondrian (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 9-10.
  12. Yve-Alain Bois. “Mondrian and the Theory of Architecture,” Assemblage, no., 4 (1987): 104.

Tags from the story

De Stijil

Degenerate Art Exhibit

Piet Mondrian

Recent Comments

Sara Guerrero

I remember in art class in middle school doing a painting that looked like Mondrians and I never learned why we were panting how we were until I read this article. I have read of the Nazi’s taking paintins for their greediness, but I never knew theyr would mock othe artist like Pablo Picasso. I understand why Mondrian would feel persecuted and why he had to move and it’s great to see the opportunities he got in America.

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01/03/2020

3:36 pm

Shriji Lalji

I was not aware that the Nazis did not appreciate art rather they humiliated it. Arts have always contribute significantly to advancing cultures. It is unfortunate that Mondrian and other artists were being targeted. Although it affected many of them negatively I wonder if how exactly it affected their art. The painting of the Grey Tree is absolutely incredible. I was immediately mesmerized by it.

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09/04/2020

3:36 pm

Elizabeth Santos

The article had me with my jaw slacked open! I had no idea about the Nazi’s holding art shows for the sole purpose of degrading the art and artists themselves. This article was able to show Piet Mondrian’s journey, but also illuminate a different aspect of Nazi culture- the art and expression. It’s an eye-opener to view how artists were affected- not only through their own personal struggles, but not even being able to catch a break by society.

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29/08/2020

3:36 pm

Davis Nickle

I believe that people like Piet Mondrian are very important figures in our history. People that are willing to keep the flame of art and creativity alive in the darkest of times. I had never heard of the Degenerate Art Exhibit that the Nazi’s hosted, though when I think about that seems like something that the Nazi party would have done, they loved to illegitimize and discredit things that they were against.

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06/09/2020

3:36 pm

Sara Alvirde

This article is one of the few articles that makes me feel like I am going to tear up, the Nazi’s degraded artists and stole their art just to put them in events to mock them. It is so sad to see this take such an impact on the amazing artist and lead them to suicide because of how much slander the Nazis gave them. It brings so much light to this story and gives me more purpose to pursue in Art from the story of Piet Mondrian you have written though that art must always live on no matter what risk it takes. I enjoyed this article a lot thank you.

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19/03/2021

3:36 pm

Haik Tatevosyan

First off I love how informative, descriptive and detailed this article is because it really helps to give the reader a great understanding of what is happening. The coverage the writer did on Mondrian and his life is outstanding. I really enjoyed learning and reading about him and his work.

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04/04/2021

3:36 pm

Erick Velazquez

Just want to say what an amazing article this is! Getting in depth of art during WW2 and how the Nazi Regime impacted and treated artist at the time is very disturbing. It’s very sad to see that many artist were so frightened of the Nazi regime to the point where some committed suicide.

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29/08/2021

3:36 pm

Serenity Kamenski

Definitely a powerful article, and one that is very well written. The part about the Degenerate Art Exhibit was something I wasn’t familiar with before, and reading it was kind of a shocker. I can’t imagine how many of those artists felt having their work harshly judged and ridiculed just because it wasn’t the preference of a couple individuals. Despite that part, Mondrian seemed to have a difficult life from having to flee from his home and not finding the inspiration he needed to continue his expanding style. Nevertheless, his De Stijil were truly unique and have had led to inspirating art today.

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17/03/2022

3:36 pm

Rosa Deyo

This article is really great! I always knew the Nazis had collected artwork from people’s homes, but I never considered that they had discretions against certain kinds of arts (besides artwork that was Semitic or otherwise in contradiction to the Nazi party). I can’t imagine how the artists felt having their work judged so cruelly for no other reason than besides it wasn’t traditional enough.

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15/09/2022

3:36 pm

Laura Poole

Wow I really learned about a new side of art through this article. I never knew about how the Nazi’s would take artwork from people’s homes. It must’ve been hard having your hard work judged so terribly and hearing it being so ridiculed all because it just wasn’t traditional enough. These artists were placed into a box with little wiggle room for creativity. Great work on your article it was a unique read.

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22/10/2022

3:36 pm

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