StMU Research Scholars

Featuring Scholarly Research, Writing, and Media at St. Mary’s University

October 11, 2018

To Infinity and Pixar

Winner of the Fall 2018 StMU History Media Award for

Article with the Best Title

Best Article in the Category of “Cultural History”

“It felt like it had taken a lifetime to get to this point, and in a sense it had.”1

 

Most of us grew up in a world where toys came to life when Andy wasn’t looking, a world where the monsters in our closet were afraid of us, a world where houses could fly with balloons. Pixar movies have created a world of magic and infinite possibilities. They have brought life and authenticity out of technology. Pixar has created a cinematographic empire like no other. Their success was forged out of mistakes and struggles as well as passion, creativity, and determination. Pixar had to make mistakes in order to grow and create the stories we love today, and they did.

Pixar’s story really starts with three men: Edwin “Ed” Catmull, Steve Jobs, and John Lasseter.

Pixar Computer | Computer History Museum | April 12, 2013 | Courtesy of Wikipedia

Ed Catmull was turned down for a teaching position and felt he had landed a software development job with no future. Steve Jobs had been humiliated throughout Silicon Valley when Apple Computer, the company he founded, fired him.2 John Lasseter was fired from his dream job as a Disney animator for trying to introduce three-dimensional animation technology there. He was told that if it didn’t make movie production cheaper or faster, it wasn’t worth it.3 All of these men were at a low point in their lives when they became part of the group of people that eventually became Pixar. What brought them out of this uncertain part of their lives was a single goal: to change the way stories are told by pushing the boundaries of what computers can do in animation and graphics by creating the first computer-animated movie in history. These people became the foundation of Pixar Animation Studios.

Not commonly remembered is the company’s inception as the Computer Graphics Division for Lucasfilm, the movie studio behind the Star Wars franchise, beginning in 1979. Through a series of events, Steve Jobs ended up buying this small struggling division in 1986 for five million dollars. He also gave it its iconic name. At that point, the company was selling computer hardware with the Pixar Image Computer as their main product. Their increasingly dwindling revenue also consisted of producing commercials for companies such as Trident and Listerine.4 With their financial struggles, and no clear path into the future of movie-making, Pixar was created.

Pixar’s goal moved further out of reach as they fired one-third of the company in 1991. At that point, Pixar had only sold three hundred Pixar Image Computers. They then decided to stop selling hardware. The five million dollars it had cost Jobs to buy the company had turned into a $54 million money pit. Its only source of revenue, and future survival, was a contract with Disney to produce three movies. There wasn’t even a guarantee that they could make the movies. Nevertheless, the team decided to take a leap of faith into the unknown path of creating computer-animated movies.5

Money was tight and there was constant miscommunication between the Pixar team and Jobs. Jobs was in the middle of establishing NeXT, a computer company he started after Apple. This meant that he rarely appeared in the Pixar offices. The Pixar team felt Jobs did not understand what they needed, and Jobs felt that the Pixar team had no idea how to run a business. Lasseter and Catmull would put out an idea and Jobs would shut it down immediately: the only way was his way. Jobs was described as brilliant and inspirational as well as dismissive, condescending, and bullying. It was clear, Pixar could not survive under Jobs. He simply did not connect with the company leadership and staff, but the company could not survive without him either.6

John Lasseter and Ed Catmull | February 28, 2010 | Jeff Heusser | Courtesy of Wikipedia

From the year 1987 to 1991, Jobs attempted to sell Pixar three times. Catmull reflected on this time, saying, “Even if Pixar doubled in value, Steve told me, we still wouldn’t be worth anything.”7 Microsoft, Alias, and Silicon Graphics all tried to acquire the company, but Jobs never sold it. Despite taking millions of dollars of his own money just to keep it afloat, he could not sell. It was his way of saying that he had something other people wanted, something special, that Pixar was worth having, despite its flaws. Every time a company made an offer for Pixar, he acted insulted, suggesting that he believed Pixar was worth much more. It was only after critics predicted that an animated film would be a hit and that Disney signed with Pixar to make their movie, that Jobs gave Pixar one last chance.8

There emerged some hope, as they assembled an excellent but inexperienced team in 1992. Catmull and Jobs began to understand each other and collaborate, and the first computer-animated movie was in its beginning stages. Production of the movie began in early 1993. Their dream was so close that they could see it; their dream was becoming a reality. Their first movie blossomed from Lasseter’s simple idea, the story about a group of toys and a boy.9

Toy Story was going to create a revolution within the technology, art, animation, and entertainment fields. Because this was going to be their debut film under their “mentor” company Disney, Pixar story writers took every advice they gave them to heart. Disney animators were the experts, and they had the success Pixar craved. Disney perceived Woody, a toy cowboy and one of the movie’s main characters, as “too perky, too earnest.”10 An edgier Woody would create a better conflict and a better story. Or so they said.

November 19, 1993 came. It was also known as “Black Friday.” On this day, a mock-up of Toy Story was presented to Disney executives. Months of hard work had been dedicated to making this idea become a reality, and finally … Disney shut down the project. There would not be an animated movie until they fixed the script.

They had technology and talent, but the entire concept was just not right. Something crucial was missing. For the next couple of months Lasseter, Catmull, and the entire team worked every possible moment to rediscover the soul of the project. By this time, special effects were starting to enter mainstream cinematography, with movies such as Jurassic Park and Terminator 2. People enjoyed the manner in which technology enhanced the movie experience, and Pixar was ready to be part of this innovation wave.

Pixar Exhibition at the CAP (Contemporary Art Pavilion) in Milan | December 4, 2011 | Pava | Courtesy of Wikipedia

The answer to their story problem was simple. They hit on the idea of a story of a boy and his toy cowboy. This experience taught them to trust their own abilities, to give Pixar its own character, and to do things the Pixar way.11

November 22, 1995. Toy Story was released to the world, to infinity and beyond.12

In total, Toy Story earned $362 million worldwide, it was a phenomenon. It had created an ingenious and creative new storytelling method. Now the graphics on the movie screen were perceived as having emotion and character. The movie had characters that had life in a way that was unprecedented from anything animators had done before. Pixar was able to create this emotional response because the overall theme was so human and relatable. With themes such as friendship, change, finding who you truly are, and your purpose in life, it is no surprise that though this movie was made for a young audience, it resonated with people of all ages. It was a masterpiece.13

The following year, Toy Story was nominated for three Academy Awards. John Lasseter received a Special Achievement Award. And Pixar announced its retirement from making commercials in order to focus on making more movies.

Due to its success with Toy Story, Disney pursued a partnership with Pixar. Shortly afterward, Pixar decided to open their company stock to the public. With this, they earned $140 million for the company. Pixar had accomplished something it had never done before; it was now a stable company.14

What started off as a constantly struggling company became an animation empire. Their stories have since touched the lives and hearts of people around the world. They’ve made us cry and they’ve made us laugh. Ed Catmull, Steve Jobs, and John Lasseter came together to change the world by creating the first computer-animated movie.

The rest is history.

  1.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 56.
  2.  David A. Price, The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), 8.
  3. Bill Capodagli and Lynn Jackson, Innovate The Pixar Way: Business Lessons from the World’s Most Creative Corporate Playground (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 31.
  4.  “Our Story,” Pixar, accessed August 31, 2018, https://www.pixar.com/our-story-1#our-story-main.
  5.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 53.
  6.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 51-52.
  7.   Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 54.
  8. Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 53; “Our Story,” Pixar, accessed August 31, 2018, https://www.pixar.com/our-story-1#our-story-main.
  9.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 54.
  10.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 57.
  11.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 57.
  12.   “Our Story,” Pixar, accessed August 31, 2018, https://www.pixar.com/our-story-1#our-story-main.
  13.  David A. Price, The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), 151.
  14.  Edwin Catmull and Amy Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: overcoming the unseen forces that stand in the way of true inspiration (New York: Random House, 2014), 60.

Tags from the story

computer-animated movies

Ed Catmull

John Lasseter

Pixar

Steve Jobs

Toy Story

Recent Comments

Janie Cheverie

I found it so interesting that Ed Catmull and John Lasseter also were a part of the founding of Pixar because before reading the article I was only aware of Steve Jobs’ role in the company. This article highlighted that at the lowest points they did not stop trying to achieve their goals which is truly inspiring. Every company must start somewhere and has the potential to grow into something that can positively impact all generations.

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30/09/2020

2:48 pm

Maria Moreno

It was so nice to read this. I didn’t know all the background history for Pixar or its beginnings at all. Its always interesting reading about how companies started out, when one could not have much hope for it and it becomes something great. I’m glad Jobs didn’t sell the company otherwise it would have never been what it is today and we wouldn’t have all the wonderful movies and lessons that have come with them. Pixar isn’t just for kids, its also full of emotions for adults. I love the title, it definitely deserved the award.

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20/02/2021

2:48 pm

Hoa Vo

What an incredible talent and fortitude to uphold adversity. Thanks to the effort of the three of them: Steve Jobs, Edwin Catmull, and John Lasseter, Pixar has become a monument in the film industry today. Every movie released by Pixar is meaningful, emotional that I can watch several times without boring. Especially Toy Story that produced in 1995 was still a classic, good old movie. It is interesting to read this article, thanks for put effort into it.

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21/02/2021

2:48 pm

Eric Hernandez

This article was very interesting because I never really knew all the hard work and time that was put into getting Pixar up and going. The whole story of how all three creators came from smaller failures and were able to change that into one of the most successful movie business. They were even able to change the whole movie production game which is very impressive.

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07/03/2021

2:48 pm

perla ramirez

The story behind Pixar is incredible and exclaims don’t give up on what you worked so hard for. All the hardship and setbacks molded Pixar to what they are now, a multimillion dollar company. Steve Jobs had a vision that was not clear to him but he knew it was there and he never gave up with it. Even though he struggled along the way the payout was way more worth than he thought.

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26/08/2021

2:48 pm

Roberto Soriano

This are the stories that inspire a lot of people and nowadays entrepreneurs, When I saw it was about pixar (big fan of all the pixar movies) I knew I had to give it a look, I think it’s very inspiring to know how your life can change by the simple fact of trusting what you are building no matter how many obstacles are in front of you. Ed Catmull and John Lasseter showed perseverance in their project and now it is a company that has shaped so many young minds with all their movies and projects.

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05/09/2021

2:48 pm

Eliana Villarreal

It was heartwarming to hear how a company as great as Pixar also struggled in its beginnings. I have always been amazed and curious about how Pixar came about. It is a notable company that has been producing amazing films all as I have been growing up and I am excited to see what more they may produce in the future. For Toy Story being their first movie, it is still quite a great film to this day and I have to say that the graphics are not too bad considering how technology was then compared to now. I enjoyed this article very much and congratulations on your award!

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24/10/2021

2:48 pm

Eliza Merrion

I found the very beginning of this article very interesting, the fact that all these men were starting from a point of failure was inspirational. The rest of the article was very well written as well. I enjoyed how you explained the timeline of their developing business and becoming a huge success. It was a very inspirational story that I had not heard before. I love Disney and Pixar movies, so I enjoyed reading about the story of it all from behind the scenes.

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06/02/2022

2:48 pm

Luke Rodriguez

This was a fascinating article. Growing up, I watched Toy Story and many movies that Pixar had created, so I found that Steve Jobs almost sold Pixar because it wasn’t doing good at all when it first started. Also found it interesting that Disney had rejected the first script of the toy story and that they wanted Woody to be an edgier character.

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05/02/2023

2:48 pm

Anaely Caez Santana

This was such an interesting article. I have always found it so fascinating how these movies are made and how every single movement made in those movies are drawn as pictures. The timeline was very well explained and I liked how you gave everyone involved recognition. I also liked the play on words on the title, it genuinely made me laugh.

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05/02/2023

2:48 pm

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