StMU Research Scholars

Featuring Scholarly Research, Writing, and Media at St. Mary’s University

December 1, 2017

From prestigious noble to child serial killer: Gilles de Rais

With so many serial killers sprouting during the twentieth century, the name Gilles de Rais may not ring a bell to many. Rais, however, is an interesting character, as his killings predate most known serial killers. While many serial killers from the twentieth century seem to share some similar backstories—one that involves having an abusive childhood or living with an antisocial behavior—Rais seems to be an exception. Bear in mind that we do not know everything about Rais’ childhood, since we can only find so many things about a man who lived in the early fifteenth century, but from what we do know, Rais was raised well and had a promising life. How does a man growing up having wealth, power, religious faith, nobility, and an honorable soldier status succumb to the vile temptations of sodomy and murder? The life of Gilles de Rais is as fascinating as it is horrific.

Gilles de Rais was born in 1404 and grew up in a wealthy family in northern France. At the age of eleven, he inherited an enormous amount of wealth, and his fortunes drastically increased when he married into another rich family. Given the title Baron and Lord, Rais was described as a handsome man, who was well-mannered and charismatic.1 Furthermore, he became a soldier around the age of sixteen and participated in the Hundred Years’ War as a leader in the French military.2 Later on, the king of France, King Charles VII, gave Rais the prestigious title of Marshal of France. During his time in the French military, he fought alongside the young Joan of Arc, and Rais became her chief lieutenant in the process. Being a devout Christian, Rais’ respect and admiration for Joan was immeasurable. He grew to love her, not romantically, but rather on a spiritual level.3 Having had such an unprecedented reputation up to this point, how does a nobleman like Gilles de Rais stoop to become a sadistic serial killer?

Gilles de Rais in military attire | Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

This radical change in Rais started when his companion Joan of Arc was burned at the stake by her enemies in 1431. Upon hearing the news, Rais felt betrayed by both God and the Church for abandoning Joan. He truly believed his many years of worship and devotion to God had all amounted to absolutely nothing.4 Soon after Joan of Arc’s death, Rais retired from the military and returned to his castle, where he started to spend all of his wealth on extravaganzas ranging from plays, festivals, banquets and tournaments—all of which was open to the public all day long. Rais’ wealth supplied these events with a large variety of luxuries: choirs, comedians, jugglers, rich clothing for his guests and horses and even animals such as sheep and oxen that fed over 500 people on a daily basis.5 The party could only last for so long, however, as Rais’ wealth was rapidly diminishing.

Once his wealth was depleted, Rais turned to alchemy, which was the attempted practice of transmuting base metals into pure gold. Rais invested heavily into this, as he turned a good chunk of his castle into an enormous laboratory. In the process, he invited many alchemists and sorcerers around Europe to aid him. Despite their hard work, no one was successful in creating gold. One day, an Italian sorcerer by the name of Antonio Francisco Prelati approached Rais. He told Rais that he needed the help of Satan in order to succeed in making gold, which would require doing heinous acts in his name. Willing to do anything for wealth, Rais agreed. In his first act, Rais tricked a peasant boy into his castle and from there he murdered the boy and wrote down formulas and evocations using his blood. In the end, Rais was unable to summon Satan or create gold. It was in this attempted summoning that Rais developed a desire for killing. From here on out, Rais’ need to torture and kill children sadistically was far greater than his need for gold.6 This would be the start of Gilles de Rais’ killing spree—one that would take the lives of over a hundred children.

Gilles de Rais performing sorcery on his victims | Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Over the course of eight years, from 1432 to 1440, Gilles de Rais—with the help of several loyal accomplices—would perform erotic torture on his victims, who were all underage children, mostly boys. The causes of death ranged from dismemberment and decapitation, to strangulation.7 One method of attracting children to Rais was to have parents hand their children over to him in exchange for money, clothing, and food. In return, the parents were led to believe that Rais would train their children to be knights or choirboys. Many of Rais’ targets were children beggars who would stop by Rais’ castle asking for food. Whenever the beggars came by, Rais would look out the window of his castle with his servants and point out the children that he wanted brought to him.8

By 1440, rumors had spread throughout the country about children going missing in the area, particularly near the castle of Champtocé: Gilles de Rais’ castle. Many people started to accuse Rais of kidnapping these children, and witnesses also came forward. These accusations became so wide-spread that the Church and authorities started to investigate. What led the Church to take action was the kidnapping of a cleric from the parochial church of Saint-Etienne-de-Mermorte. Rais had had him as a prisoner for several months, until the Church intervened. Rais and his accomplices were then arrested and put on trial.9 There had already been accusations long before Rais’ arrest, but the witnesses had been too intimidated to come forward, for fear that Rais’ men would harm them. After all, Rais was one of the most powerful men in France at the time.10 Many of the witnesses had suspected Rais to be the one responsible for the children disappearances, but had no idea as to what his motives were. One witness described one instance where Rais’ men were seen carrying away roughly forty skeletons from one of Rais’ towers.11 With so many children going missing, Rais was eventually bound to get caught.

Gilles de Rais in trial | Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

The trial was led by the bishop of Nantes, the chancellor of Brittany, the vicar of the Inquisition, and the president of the provincial parliament.12 At the trial, most if not all of Rais’ atrocities became known to all. He willingly confessed to all of his crimes in horrific details. Rais’ servants, such as Etienne Corrillaut, testified to some of his evil deeds. A document written at the time of the trial says: “…[Corrillaut] testified and said that while he was present and listening, he heard Gilles boast that he took greater pleasure in killing and cutting the throats of these boys and girls, in having them killed and their throats slit, in seeing them languish and die and their heads and limbs cut off one after the other and in the sight of their blood than he did abusing them sexually.13 Furthermore, Corrillaut said that Rais would put the children’s heads and limbs up on display (some of them had already been dead for several days) and show them off to his accomplices. He would even go as far as to have a beauty contest by asking his accomplices which of the deceased children were the most handsome, as he kissed their severed heads and faces. Much of the children’s corpses were later buried or cremated.14

Aside from the murders, Rais confessed to have evoked evil spirits on multiple occasions, and made pacts with demons to obtain knowledge, wealth, and power. Interestingly, Rais would offer anything to these demons with the exception of his soul. In one of these offers, Rais would present the heart, eyes, hand, and blood of a child to a demon named Barron as a sign of tribute. Rais would also visit heretics, sorcerers, and conjurers to learn about the magical arts of geomancy and necromancy—which was forbidden and seen as heresy by the Inquisition.15 Brother Jean Blouyn, vicar of the Inquisitor—present at the trial—wrote: “…Gilles, the accused, has been, was and is a heretic, an apostate, a sorcerer, a sodomite, an evoker of evil spirits, a diviner, a murderer of innocent children, a criminal, a backslider and an idolater who has deviated from the faith and who is illy disposed of it…16

Gilles de Rais and his servants seizing a child | Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

In total, at least 140 children died at the hands of Gilles de Rais. Some reports even say that the death count reached as high as 800. In the end, Rais was sentenced to death by hanging, followed by burning, on October 26, 1440.17 And so came to an end the life of Gilles de Rais, who was executed at the age of 35. Surprisingly, Antonio Francisco Prelati, the sorcerer who evoked demons for Rais, and several others only served a few months in prison. Their reduced sentences may have been the result of their cooperation in testifying against Rais during the trial.18

It is easy to assume that after getting involved in occult practices, Rais became a full-blown Satanist. However, there is some speculation as to what his exact beliefs were. Despite consulting demons and performing sodomy, two years prior to his trial, Rais showed regret for all of his crimes and swore, vowed, and made a promise to God that he would never commit any more heresy and that he would travel to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage to repent. Not long after, Rais relapsed, as he continued to sodomize and murder.19 There is also the fact that he was unwilling to give up his soul to the devil. Rais may have believed that by confessing to all of his sins, he would have a greater chance at being forgiven by God.20 Near the end of the trial, Rais had gotten down to his knees and begged God for mercy. In a document written at the trial, Rais told people that “as a Christian, he was their brother, and urging them and those among them whose children he had killed, for the love of Our Lord’s suffering to be willing to pray to God for him and to forgive him freely…21 Was Rais truly repenting for all of his crimes, or was this an attempt to manipulate the Inquisition? This is one question that has been left unanswered for centuries.

What remains of Gilles de Rais’ castle: Champtocé | Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

One might also wonder what exactly caused Rais to commit such blasphemy? One could say that he just didn’t care about God after he blamed Him for betraying Joan of Arc. According to Rais himself, he said that the evil inside of him came from how he was born under a certain constellation and that nobody could ever understand the evil that he did.22 Several people in recent studies have proposed several theories as to what Rais’ motivations were. These theories range from Rais having an identity crisis, which led him to commit violence to ‘affirm his being,’ to him suffering from schizophrenia.23 Just like his supposed redemption, the question of what exactly motivated Rais to commit these heinous crimes remains unsolved.

In a way, Gilles de Rais was a tragic hero: one who had been raised to be well-respected and to achieve high status among the people in France to ultimately become a sadistic killer—one who’s lust for children and gold consumed his mind. Although Rais has been largely forgotten, his actions have inspired the folktale legend of Bluebeard, and is believed to have been the inspiration of Bram Stoker’s Dracula novel in 1897.24

  1. The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained, 2003, s.v. “The Rise of Satanism in the Middle Ages.”
  2. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia, 2015, s.v. “Gilles de Rais,” by Charles Avinger.
  3. The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained, 2003, s.v. “The Rise of Satanism in the Middle Ages.”
  4. The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained, 2003, s.v. “The Rise of Satanism in the Middle Ages.”
  5. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 2001, s.v. “Gilles de Rais (1404-1440).”
  6. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 2001, s.v. “Gilles de Rais (1404-1440).”
  7. James Penney, The World of Perversion: Psychoanalysis and the Impossible Absolute of Desire (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), 35, 36.
  8. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 16.
  9. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 61.
  10. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 2001, s.v. “Gilles de Rais (1404-1440).”
  11. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 19, 20.
  12. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 2001, s.v. “Gilles de Rais (1404-1440).”
  13. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil : The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 87.
  14. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil : The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 15, 94.
  15. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 56, 59, 60.
  16. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 62.
  17. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia, 2015, s.v. “Gilles de Rais,” by Charles Avinger.
  18. The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained, 2003, s.v. “The Rise of Satanism in the Middle Ages.”
  19. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 60, 61.
  20. James Penney, The World of Perversion: Psychoanalysis and the Impossible Absolute of Desire (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), 40.
  21. James Penney, The World of Perversion: Psychoanalysis and the Impossible Absolute of Desire (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), 60, 61.
  22. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 96.
  23. Gilles de Rais, R. de Maulge-La-Clavière, Eugène Bossard, Laughter for the Devil: The Trials of Gilles De Rais, Companion-In-Arms of Joan of Arc (1440) (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Presses, 1984), 17.
  24. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia, 2015, s.v. “Gilles de Rais,” by Charles Avinger.

Tags from the story

Gilles de Rais

Serial Killers

Recent Comments

Madeline Emke

This article was very interesting and informative, especially because I have never heard of Gilles De Rais and his serial killings. I never knew him as a friend of Joan of Arc’s, and the resulting affects her death had on him. While her death is not an excuse for his acts, part of me can see how the loss of such a trusted friend could lead someone to lose part of their humanity to a degree. In other words, I understand his partying as a method of grief but I, in no way, understand or accept his torture and killing of children.

reply

31/08/2020

1:50 pm

Alison Morales-Aguilar

I actually have heard of Gilles de Rais before and knew a little bit about his story. Specifically, I knew he was a serial killer, a friend and confidant to Jeanne d’Arc, and that he went crazy after she was murdered. However, I never knew how horrific and destructive he actually was. The fact that people believe his kill count could have been as high as 800 children in unfathomable to me, how do so many children go missing and no one did anything?

reply

09/10/2020

1:50 pm

Jobro

It’s cuz this story was fabricated. There was no proof that he murdered all these children, but he was forced to confess, or else he would’ve faced torture.

reply

11/10/2020

1:50 pm

Elizabeth Santos

What a fascinating article on a horrific person! I, like many, hadn’t heard of this serial killer either nor even that he worked alongside Joan of Arc. It goes to show how much people leave an impact on others, like Joan’s death driving Gilles absolutely mad. This case is just bizarre, and it’s so sad that so many innocent children were killed by him.

reply

16/10/2020

1:50 pm

Mohammed Hani Shaik

I’m utterly surprised that I haven’t heard this of Rais before. However, it was a beautifully written article that highlighted the story of one known by few. I still question humanity and wonder how far low can one stoop in their life. The story does bore an uncanny resemblance to a lot of other serial killers in the sense that he had gone through a tragic event in his life that could possibly be considered as a “turning point”. However, I still cannot fathom the idea of sexually abusing and murdering kids and furthermore taking pride in it. The story takes an interesting turn when we find out that he possibly regretted his actions and was willing to change. Do you think he could’ve changed if he had a loved one to help him out?

reply

31/01/2021

1:50 pm

Trenton Boudreaux

A disturbing trend I have found is that the most monstrous people are the ones we would not expect. Such can be said about this Gilles De Ras individual. It is terrifying what wealth can allow you to get away with in this world. A fascinating read about a serial killer I never heard of. Very well written article.

reply

17/04/2021

1:50 pm

JoAnna Mendez

I have never been disgusted when reading something, but this article has changed that. The fact that he did this to so many children and had people helping him is… I honestly don’t even know the proper word for it. I think the part that got me was when you added that he would have beauty contests with the dead children. If you think about it, he only got caught because of how many children were disappearing and it was all around the same area. Imagine how many people got away with these things. If today a handful of missing children cases go cold, and just cases in general, can you believe how many horrible things happened back then and no one ever found out about them.

reply

10/10/2021

1:50 pm

Phylisha Liscano

This was by far one of the most craziest article I’ve read. You gave great details about the life of Rais and his gruesome acts. It’s very disturbing how he found joy from killing children, visualizing the torture and pain those children went through is very saddening.

reply

13/10/2021

1:50 pm

Maria Luevano

This was such a crazy and entertaining article! I am pleasantly surprised by the amount of information that you were able to provide considering the time period! You did an amazing job writing this article. It makes you wonder how easy it was to trick people into doing horrible things to others for personal gain. Rais confidently trusted this man to help him in his adventure to create gold, but what if the man was just crazy? Leaves you wondering how many acts can be blamed on pure ignorance and gullibility.

reply

20/10/2021

1:50 pm

Emily Rodriguez

What an interesting story. The author was right; I had never heard of this serial killer before. This was a very intriguing story to tell. It surprised me that he could get away with over a hundred killings of children without people catching on for as long as it went on. His reaction to losing a loved one makes me wonder how there aren’t more of these types of stories. Overall, I believe the author did a good job at telling this story and kept the pictures in the article relative to what was being read.

reply

20/09/2022

1:50 pm

Banditqueen

It has to be remembered that the so called evidence against Gillas de Rais was based on third hand accounts, not eye witnesses. Those distressed parents who testified at his trial could only witness the disappearance of their children. None of them witnessed any of the alleged criminal harm. His two alleged accomplishes were tortured so their testimony is suspect. Gillas confessed, yes, but only after he was threatened with excommunication and torture. There is some evidence that he was actually tortured. No bodies where found and even if they were burned their ashes would stink. These murders didn’t take place in one or two castles, many are said to have been committed where ever he went. He led an itinerant life, staying in private homes. He also held open house at his castles to 100s of people. None of them witnessed anything. None of them testified against him. The number of child murders is said to be between 100 to 200 but may have been 600 to 800. So, nobody noticed and nobody reported them. The number of families who gave evidence during his trial is 40 to 50. The rest came forward after he was condemned. The circumstances around the trial are odd as well. They only came about after he kidnapped the Bishop who later prosecuted him. A number of authors now believe he was the victim of hatred, family jealousy, political revenge and propaganda. We must also bear in mind that he was accused of sodomy, devil worship and heresy. His brother tried to stop him spending the family fortune and said he was mad. A new trial was held in 1993 and he was exonerated. Why do so many people simply believe this story when they wouldn’t dream of believing the wild accusations levelled at witches, which included serial homicide and even sacrifices of children to demons, the same as charge which was levelled against Gillas de Rais? I am not saying he was innocent. I am merely questioning the accepted narrative. Unless you have really looked at the trial transcripts etc, it is impossible to know the full extent or the truth of these foul crimes. They are truly horrible and if guilty Rais was indeed a monster. The case against him wasn’t air tight or without bias. How could it be in the 15th century before the concept of innocent until proven guilty? After 600 years we must always be open to the possibility that guilt wasn’t established. We can only be open to the possibility that this case wasn’t all that we are told in the traditional narrative.

reply

29/10/2022

1:50 pm

1 2 3 5

Leave a Reply