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December 1, 2017

Hidden By Hollywood: The Lost Tales of Bass Reeves

The late afternoon heat buzzed in waves across Oklahoma, passing over a Chickasaw County farmer by the name of “Bateman,” steering a workhorse through fields of colorful crops including endless rows of corn, oats, milo maize, and golden potatoes. Bateman’s dawn-to-dusk chores were soon to be coming to a close on his serene pasture, when a crack of sound ran into the field. Suddenly, gunfire began to whiz past Bateman and into the neat lines of the crops. The plow suddenly jolted as Bateman’s horse reacted harshly, snapping off the machine and fleeing into the horizon. Consequently, this sent the carriage crashing forward as Bateman flew off his plow face first into the orange Oklahoma dirt. Fulfilling his fear, Bateman’s eyes slowly rose up and interlocked with his murderer, a Seminole Indian by the name “Greenleaf.” Known for his brutality, thievery, and countless kills of members of his own tribe, Bateman quivered with fear as he was robbed of his belongings and fatally shot in the middle of his field.1 
Captured in history, the troubling murder of farmer Batemen in 1881 | Courtesy of the Arkansas Gazette
Once news reached the town of the brutal murder, farmers and families feared for their own lives. Fortunately, a sharp deputy marshall was passing through the county after finishing up a job in Little Rock, Arkansas. He was a living legend, a man credited with arresting more than 3,000 felons for some of the deadliest crimes in the wild west, and just the mentioning of his name could make a thief get the chills. He was Bass Reeves, the deputy marshall who Greenleaf had unknowingly ushered into Chickasaw County.2
Native American land for sale poster early 1900’s | Courtesy of Alto Arizona Photo Library
In order to grasp the gravity of Greenleaf’s encounter with Bass Reeves, to fully explain the cold, hard hand of justice that was about to slam down in Chickasaw County, we must return almost four decades prior, to a hot July in 1838, in the small town of Crawford County, Arkansas. Born to a black family in the south, Bass Reeves was born a slave, given the name of Bass by his birth parents followed by the surname Reeves, for the family who owned Bass’s family. In his early life, Bass did not have a childhood per se, but instead spent long days trudging along beside his parents as a water boy on the hot Arkansas plantation. As Bass grew taller, so did his chores, meaning that he was recruited fairly quickly as a field hand by the age of eight.
Choctaw and Chickasaw territory lines in southern Oklahoma late 1800’s | Courtesy of the 1892 Census Bureau
Soon after, the Reeves family moved to northern Texas, just across the border from the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations. These Indian Territories had formed from large-scale capturings of Native American lands for the profit of selling of them to Americans looking to move westward. As Bass grew of age, he was given the tasks of tending to the mules and horses owned by his master’s family. Little did he know this would lead to his becoming the blacksmith’s helper. Bass was swift with his work, being young and eager to take on additional duties as well. Bass soon gained recognition among the Reeve’s slaves for his work and was selected as his master’s head “companion,” a position of prestige among his fellow slaves, and it meant that Bass spent far more time inside with the Reeves family and less time doing manual field labor.3 Bass accompanied his master nearly everywhere, serving as valet, bodyguard, coachman, and butler. During this time, Bass was taught how to handle a gun, originally for precautionary measures. But as a young man, Reeves’ mastery of the weapon impressed most adults. His master decided to showcase Bass’ talent and eventually entered him in local turkey shoots and competitions that included both white and black competitors.4 
Pictured above Colonel George Robertson Reeves | Courtesy of Civi War Talk Photos
Reeves’ master was better known by his Civil War title, Colonel George Robertson Reeves, and was a member of the Eleventh Texas Cavalry. He brought Bass along into every treacherous battle. The hardships of war crafted Bass into an astounding young man. It was during this time that young Reeves gained combat skills, mastered precision shooting, and knowledge of battlefield tactics. The sight of blood and death at such an early age had no doubt hardened Bass into a painful perspective on society, although Bass soon realized that his newly gained talents were not something he wanted to waste. Given his great exposure to violence at a young age, Bass soon discovered he could use his battlefield knowledge for something good in the world. Just a county away from northern Texas, the Northern Cherokee Nation was not only a home for Indians fleeing violence, but it was also a hideout for runaway fugitive slaves.5 The average person feared Indians as head-scalping savages, and fugitive slaves had been demonized during this time period as dangerous criminals.
Late 1800’s hair brush advertisement displays anti-Native American sentiments | Courtesy of Indian Country Media Network
Therefore, areas of Indian territory were home to abolitionists and Indians who were able to escape into territories free from white men who feared these areas far too much to dare to enter them.6 Bass Reeves ran away to the Northern Cherokee Nation, becoming a fugitive slave. He immediately befriended Chief Opotheyahola, who led abolitionist movements against the south and organized a cavalry brigade against the south during the Civil War. The chief advised Bass to stay in the northern territory of the Cherokee Nation and fight alongside his men. It was here that Reeves learned how to communicate with different tribes and rode into battle alongside Chief Opotheyahola and his men.7 Reeves eventually left the war to start a family, packing what he had and traveling to Arkansas.
Bass Reeves (front row and far left) with the Muskogee Indian Territories both white and black police force (1870) | Courtesy of The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
Despite moving for the sake of settling down, it did not take long before Reeves began offering his assistance to the U.S. law enforcement stationed in Fort Smith, Arkansas for the first time. Offering his in-depth knowledge of the Indian Territory, along with his impeccable tracking skills, Reeves impressed many officers, which is what led to his recommendation for a U.S. deputy marshal position. In 1875, Reeves was among two-hundred U.S. deputy marshals sworn in by Judge Isaac C. Parker, appointed that year to preside over the 74,000-square-mile Western District of Arkansas.
Judge Isaac C. Parker swears in Bass Reeves as a Deputy Marshal of the Western District of Arkansas on May 29th 1889 | Courtesy of the National Archives Catalog
Based in Fort Smith, Arkansas, the district included the entire Indian Territory, which had become a notorious hiding ground for outlaws. Any non-Native American who committed a crime was to be tried in the Western District. U.S. Marshal James Fagan recruited the 38-year-old Reeves because of his knowledge of Native American lands and languages, and because Native Americans were often scared of white men, given that many roaming their lands were criminals. The court at Fort Smith ran nonstop in the fight against the lawless. Between May 10, 1875, and September 1, 1896, Judge Parker tried 13,490 criminal cases and won better than 8,500 convictions.8
Bass Reeves (second row on left) with group of
marshals of Judge Parker’s court (1875) | Courtesy of North Texas E-News
Fast forward to Greenleaf’s escalating activities, and we find a case that would involve one of the wild west’s most notorious criminals, who performed countless heinous murders and robberies throughout Chickasaw County. Following the Bateman murder in Chickasaw, Reeves was enlisted to capture Greenleaf, although to the town’s and Reeves’s disappointment, only a few days passed before the notorious Seminole Indian outlaw Greenleaf murdered and robbed a mail rider near Old Fort Washita on July 3, 1881, just days after Bass Reeves swore out a warrant for the arrest of Greenleaf on July 1, 1881.9 The hunt for this Indian outlaw lasted almost a decade, and every day that Greenleaf evaded the law, Reeves’ blood boiled.10 All of this time, Greenleaf’s business had been whiskey peddling, and every marshal that had traveled through Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw country carried warrants for him. Greenleaf was a vicious killer, as the Arkansas Gazette described. He put twenty-four bullets in one of his victim’s body. 
“He’s a Bad Indian” is published in the Arkansas Gazette on April 29th, 1890 | Arkansas Gazette
Time passed, as it became impossible to organize a task force for hunting Greenleaf. It became known that do to so would result in sure death, unless the hunt was successful. Reeves was in Chickasaw County at the time, and had caught news of Greenleaf’s arrival into the county with a load of whiskey. The sun was falling in the west as Reeves arrived on the site of Greenleaf’s camp. Reeves wartime intuition led him to believe the best time to raid the site would be between when everyone had gone to sleep for the night until near daylight, and then move up close to the house. Just as the dawn rose, he and his posse charged the shelter, jumped the fence, and before Greenleaf could even sit up in bed, he was met face to face with an array of guns. Alas, no other choice, Greenleaf surrendered after almost a decade of being a menace to society. Following his capture, townspeople spread the news like wildfire, even earning Reeves statewide recognition after the story was published in the prestigious Arkansas Gazette.11 Many citizens had lost hope of Greenleaf ever being brought to justice, and doubted it could be true. Surprisingly, hundreds flocked to see that it was really so, some riding as far as eighteen miles to convince themselves of Greenleaf’s capture.12
Advertisement for the radio show of The Lone Ranger – Crooked Banker, which was set to air on January 19, 1938 | Courtesy of Durmose Movie Musings
We typically picture the old wild west based on what is brought to life in movies, as gun-slinging cowboys that fight crime, lassoing wild stallions, and gallantly riding off into the sunset with their fair maidens, but did it ever occur to anyone that Hollywood might have gotten something wrong in their blockbuster films? Although Bass Reeves will retain his fame for his work serving this country as a deputy marshal, whether he would have captured Greenleaf or not, Reeves was famous for his extensive service to this country. But in many famous depictions of lawmen of the west, we are painted a picture of this lawman Reeves as a white man. The Lone Ranger serves as an example of how somewhere in the saloon fighting and rattlesnake tussling, the iconic Lone Star Ranger’s racial identity got switched from the black Reeves to simply a white man. Historians have pointed out how Bass Reeves, much like the Lone Ranger, traveled with a Native American buddy that he had befriended in Chickasaw, and with whom he had helped navigate throughout the West. Surprisingly, amid the racial tensions in the southern states, black men found freedom in escaping to the wild west, providing for themselves through dangerous work capturing criminals in hopes of starting a new life, and we explicitly see this in the case of Bass Reeves.13
Jay Silverheels (left) plays The Lone Ranger’s, Clayton Moore(right), Native American best friend in a 1949 episode | Courtesy of Slate Magazine
Actor Clayton Moore pictured for the The Lone Rangers television debut on January 18th 1949 | Courtesy of Lone Ranger Wiki
A 25-foot work of art honors the lawman in downtown Fort Smith, Arkansas, believed to be the first black U.S. deputy marshal west of the Mississippi, yet the iconic image of “the sheriff in town” will be illustriously framed in history as a white lawman, despite the historical evidence pointing to an African American lawman that sought freedom and justice in the treacherous Wild West, while performing work alongside Native American comrades.14 More importantly, Bass Reeves will be remembered for his persistence in the face of adversity, gallantry in the face of evil, and as a remarkable sportsman.
Statue of Bass Reeves in downtown Fort Smith (2017) | Courtesy of the U.S. Marshal Museum
  1. Nudie E. Williams, “Bass Reeves: Lawman in the Western Ozarks,” Negro History Bulletin 42, No.2, (1979): 26-27. ↵
  2.  The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, May 2012, s.v., “Bass Reeves 1838-1910,” by Art T. Burton. ↵
  3. Roger Rouland, Bass Reeves 1838-1910 (Detroit: Gale, 2012), 120. ↵
  4. Nudie E. Williams, “Bass Reeves: Lawman in the Western Ozarks,” Negro History Bulletin 42, No.2, (1979): 38. ↵
  5. Gary Paulsen, The Legend of Bass Reeves (New York: Laurel Leafs, 2006), 34. ↵
  6. Roger Rouland, Bass Reeves 1838-1910 (Detroit: Gale, 2012), 121. ↵
  7. Nudie E. Williams, “Bass Reeves: Lawman in the Western Ozarks,” Negro History Bulletin 42, No.2, (1979): 37. ↵
  8. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, May 2012, s.v., “Bass Reeves 1838-1910,” by Art T. Burton. ↵
  9. “He’s a Bad Indian,” Arkansas Gazette, April 29, 1890, 7. ↵
  10. Nudie E. Williams, “Bass Reeves: Lawman in the Western Ozarks,” Negro History Bulletin 42, No.2, (1979): 37. ↵
  11. “He’s a Bad Indian,” Arkansas Gazette, April 29, 1890, 7. ↵
  12. Gary Paulsen, The Legend of Bass Reeves (New York: Laurel Leafs, 2006), 34. ↵
  13. Nudie E. Williams, “Bass Reeves: Lawman in the Western Ozarks,” Negro History Bulletin 42, No.2, (1979): 38. ↵
  14.  The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, May 2012, s.v. “Bass Reeves 1838-1910,” by Art T. Burton. ↵

Tags from the story

Bass Reeves

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Recent Comments

Thomas Fraire

I appreciated perusing this article I didn’t think about Bass Reeves until the point that I read this article. I took in a great deal about his life growing up and in addition the early history in the west. I didn’t realize that there was so much wrongdoing and lawbreakers were around once upon a time. I additionally thought it was really dynamic how Reeves could turn into an agent marshal. Reeves could take in a great deal of aptitudes as he was growing up that helped him to gain occupations and awe individuals who won’t not have given him the openings.

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14/03/2018

1:48 pm

Didier Cadena

This is a very interesting article. I had no idea of who Bass Reeves was before reading this article, so it was nice to be able to read a little bit about his life. I thought that your introduction really helped keep me hooked on the article. I also liked how you described what life was like growing up in the old west. The article does a great job of putting all of the information together and still keep it fun to read.

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02/09/2018

1:48 pm

Felicia Stewart

I really enjoyed reading this article and it was very informative! I was not very familiar with Bass Reeves prior to reading the article, therefore, I learned a lot from it. The title and the first few sentences of the article really drew me in. It also taught me of the relationships that many slaves had with Native Americans. You also went into a lot of detail on Bass Reeves life which helped provide more insight, it showed the struggle that Reeves faced.

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27/01/2019

1:48 pm

Matthew Swaykus

Let me just say, the author did an AMAZING job with this article! I personally learned a little bit about this unsung hero and I could not have done a better justice if I had tried. Brass Reeves deserves to be among the most famed characters we think about when picturing the American “wild west”, and I believe this article serves that purpose very well. His life was something from an adventure novel, but I was astonished by the brilliance of the author’s approach. You simply cannot skim over his portrayal of the antagonist, Greenleaf. This article simply blew me away.

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23/02/2019

1:48 pm

Christopher Hohman

Nice article. Bass Reeves was a quite a skilled and talented solider and athlete. It is good that he was able to patrol the wild west and make quite a life and name for himself at a time when many African Americans were not well respected. His work in capturing a very dangerous criminal will never be forgotten because it made society so much safer. It is sad that he had not always gotten the recognition he deserves because of racial differences.

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19/03/2019

1:48 pm

Danielle Slaughter

I regret never learning about U.S. Marshal Bass Reeves, or that his life story was likely a major inspiration behind “The Lone Ranger”. Of course, early Hollywood didn’t much care for racial accuracy, which is unfortunate because a tale such a Reeve’s might have brought a new perspective of African-Americans in the United States. Awesome article!

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25/03/2019

1:48 pm

Joshua Garza

This is a great article over a very interesting guy in american history especially for the time period it took place in. The first way I heard of Bass Reeves was actually on an episode of Drunk History where Jaleel White was portraying Bass Reeves . It interested me the first time I saw the episode. I’m glad that I got to read this article so I could learn more about him.

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07/04/2019

1:48 pm

Roberto Rodriguez

This was a great story that seemed to be straight out of a Hollywood movie script, it really has the power to inspire anybody. It is honestly a shame that nobody (myself included) really knows this story, he deserves a lot of praise and admiration. He definitely deserves a recommendation for a U.S. deputy marshal position, just from his skills alone (it is also really nice to know his race did not get in his way from getting the recommendation). I honestly feel bad that I do have that image of a “white lawman” whenever I think about the old west. Thinking back on it though, I do not think I have taken the time to read/learn about lawmen in the old west, I just reference old cowboy movies with Clint Eastwood. It is good to know that I actually learned a story about a real lawman of the old west, great article!

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13/09/2019

1:48 pm

Kathryn Martinez

What most people do not know is that Reeves gained freedom by fleeing after beating George Reeves, after a card game dispute. That’s when he fled to Native American territory where he lived with Cherokees and Seminoles until he was officially released in 1863 by the Emancipation Proclamation. His life is so interesting and seems straight out of a movie script. I’m very glad that someone wrote an article about him!

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29/09/2019

1:48 pm

Fred Staff

There is no doubt that Reeves was a man like few that have ever existed. Smart, strong, dedicated, and religious. He respected others and treated those he caught with respect, as long as they understood that he had them under his control. I totally disagree with the 3000 captured statement. In his many years of service, he might have captured 1000. There is little doubt that he transported 3000 as the movement of criminals from one point to Fort Smith and later Paris, Texas was part of the Marshal’s job. I also disagree that he had anything to do with the creation of the Lone Ranger. He did deliver prisoners to Detroit and that is where the Lone Ranger story started, but the latest he could have been there was 1907. It was more than twenty years later that the Lone Ranger appeared and Fran Striker the writer was instructed by his boss to write something like this. He converted two stories he had already written and the Lone Ranger was born. Striker was known to write about 60,000 words a week and had no time to go and interview prisoners who had been in jail 20 years earlier to get the story. As the person who wrote three books covering the life of Bass Reeves, I have spent more than three years researching him. One other thing that was not brought up here is the statement that he was never shot. This is incorrect. He got shot in the leg and the doctor could not remove the bullet because of its location and the chance that he might bleed to death. One of his obituaries mentioned that he died with a bullet in him.

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15/11/2019

1:48 pm

Stephanie Robinson

Why not ,even the good lord put people who unique out standing things like the gentleman who would not use a gun to join the army. the hard ship that this gentleman went through…And God use him to do the unpredictable to save lives.I love your writing but i disagree about the 3,000 lives .there were more black bounty hunters as well as cowboy because of left out history of minorities.

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25/01/2021

1:48 pm

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