In 1942, Sam Walton returned from serving his country as an officer in the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps during World War II. When he returned home, he needed to support his wife and child so he combined a loan of $20,000 from his father-in-law and $5,000 of his own money to start a business expansion of a small variety store in Newport, Arkansas. However, it wasn’t until 1962 that Walton opened the first Walmart store in Rogers, Arkansas. This first store led to the expansion of thousands of other locations around the globe.1
By 1967 Walmart had opened up 24 different stores that were rising to $12.7 million in sales. In 1969 the company officially incorporated as Walmart Stores, Inc.2 Walmart was doing so well that it quickly expanded into different countries, and it became an international business. Walmart now has 4,100 outlets in the United States and 3,100 in thirteen other countries around the world, including Asda in Britain. “Sales were over $374 billion last year (only slightly lower than the GDP of Denmark).”3 By 1976, Walmart became a publicly traded company with share values of more than $176 million. By the early 1990s, Walmart’s stock worth grew to $45 billion.4
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When Walmart first began to expand, they set their sights on trying to eliminate their Kmart competition. It turned out to be a great strategic decision. At first, they only had small competition from regional discounters. In 1972 the competition had really just began. Kmart had a store in Hot Springs, Arkansas, which previously had no competition. Their prices and margins were so high that they almost weren’t even discounting their products. Walmart sent Phil Green to open up a store near that Kmart. This store would be known for its outrageous promotions like the large Tide display. The Tide display started because Green worked out a deal to get a dollar off a case if he bought 3,500 cases of a giant- sized box. One source describes, “it made up a pyramid of detergent boxes that ran twelve to eighteen cases high — all the way to the ceiling, and it was 75 or 100 feet long, which took up the whole aisle across the back of the store, and then it was about 12 feet wide so you could hardly get past it.”5 Green cut prices to the bone which led to Kmart losing many customers. This led to Walmart setting up a strategy to make its stores even better and more competitive.6
In 1976 a research group was set up with owners of regional retailers–who at the time didn’t compete in each other’s territories–had their first meeting in Bentonville. All of these sellers from throughout the region went through the Bentonville store to give feedback on what they saw to help the store make some adjustments. With all of the adjustments fixed and sorted out they “pulled [themselves] together and designed a big plan–a promotional program and a people program and a merchandising program.” Since their store in Hot Springs had turned out well they were very confident that they could compete now. This competition taught Kmart a little something about Walmart, and vice versa.7
Then in 1977 Kmart went head to head with Walmart in Little Rock. Kmart got aggressive, and Walmart didn’t back down. Walmart told the manager running that store, “No matter what, don’t let them undersell you at all, on anything.” Kmart got so aggressive that they cut the price on the Crest toothpaste to 6 cents a tube which led to Walmart doing the same thing. Walmart waited for Kmart’s response but nothing happened. Kmart had backed off. Walmart’s aggressiveness continually put pressure on their competitors, bringing Walmart success.8
When Walmart noticed that Kmart went after them in 1976 and 1977, they escalated expansion efforts by buying struggling discounters. In 1977 Walton’s brother Bud and David Glass negotiated a deal that bought a small chain Mohr Value in Illinois. They closed down five of the stores and then they transferred the remaining sixteen into new Walmarts in new territory. By 1979 Walmart had 230 stores opened, and the company hit their first billion dollars in sales.9
In 1983 Walton tried an experiment by opening the first Sam’s Club, a business designed to sell products in bulk to small business owners or people that like buying in bulk. For Sam’s Club, you needed to have a membership card to buy their bulk products. The people that opened up Sam’s Club can’t take credit for the idea of wholesale selling though, but Walton and his crew were the most successful at it.10
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Competition could get spirited sometimes, and so Sam Walton went into one of the Price Clubs in San Diego with his tape recorder. He was going through the aisles, making notes about the prices and other merchandising ideas he saw while looking around. A tall guy noticed. He told Sam Walton, “I’m sorry but I’ll have to take your tape recorder and erase the material you’re got on it. We have a policy against people using them in the stores.”11 Walton knew he got caught, so he wanted to make a note to Robert Price that he had other information on the recorder from other stores that he would like back once he was done going through it. Walton got the tape back in about four days or so with all the information on it including the information on Price Club that he recorded.12
Sam Walton was always trying to improve his company, and in 1984, and he had a new bright idea. He switched Jack Shewmaker’s and David Glass’s jobs around so that Shewmaker became the Chief Financial Officer and the Vice-Chairman while Glass became President and Chief Operations Officer.This switch had everyone confused. Sam Walton never talked about why he switched their jobs around, and Shewmaker and Glass never said anything about it either. Surprisingly, after the switch, Walmart set new records. Everyone wondered whether Sam Walton was grooming a successor., which led to a lot of gossip going throughout the company.13
In 1982 Sam Walton developed a form of cancer — hairy cell leukemia. In November 1989 Walton got locked out of his house and climbed up the shoulders of the dog handler, crawling through a small window. The squeeze was a tight one and the dog whistle that was dangling from his neck got caught on the window, and it dig painfully into his sternum. The next day the pain got worse so he flew to see his physician in Houston. Little did he know that would lead to the discovery of another serious health problem, multiple myeloma. Sam Walton died on April 5, 1992.14
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Everyone says that competition is a bad thing, but to Sam Walton, competition made his company better, thanks to all the information he gathered and all the changes he made along the way. Competition made him think outside the box to ensure the future of his company. In 2008 Walmart had 7,288 store worldwide and since then has continued to expand. Now, in 2018 Walmart has 11,718 stores worldwide.15 Walmart is doing so well that they have expanded the different services they provide. Walmart expanded to include Walmart neighborhood stores, which are popping up in different neighborhoods around the country. They also expanded their services to online ordering that you could pick up in the store and then later in one of their pick up lanes outside. Competition helped Saw Walton think outside the box which made Walmart very successful until today and beyond.16
- Biography.com, 2014, s.v. “Sam Walton Biography.” ↵
- “Timeline.” Our History, Walmart. https://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/our-history. ↵
- Edemariam Aida, “ It all began in a small store in Arkansas” The Guardian, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/mar/14/wal-mart-us-economy. ↵
- Biography.com, 2014, s.v. “Sam Walton Biography.” ↵
- Jordan Thaeler, “ Why Sam Walton Admits Retailer Inherently Unsophisticated” Medium, May 9, 2017. Accessed September 28, 2018. https://medium.com/@JJThaeler/why-sam-walton-admits-retailers-inherently-unsophisticated-b01a5ed7a9a. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 191. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 192-193. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 193. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 196. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 199-200. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 202. ↵
- Sam Walton and John Huey, Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 202. ↵
- Vance H. Trimble, Sam Walton: The Inside story of America’s Richest Man (London; Penguin Group, 1990), 219. ↵
- Vance H. Trimble, Sam Walton: The inside story of America’s Richest Man (London; Penguin Group, 1990), 299-301; Biography.com, 2014, s.v. “Sam Walton Biography.” ↵
- “Total number of Walmart stores worldwide from 2008 to 2018,” Statista, March 2018, https://www.statista.com/statistics/256172/total-number-of-Walmart-stores-worldwide/. ↵
- “Business,” Walmart Today, blog.walmart.com/topics/business. ↵
82 comments
Amanda Uribe
It is crazy to see how much Walmart has grown. Today, you can find a Walmart in every state as well as different countries and that is amazing when you think about it. I think that they had a smart marketing approach and it really allowed them to beat kmart. I also agree with Sam Walton. Competition is needed, and good for businesses. It allows the customers wants and needs to be the objective.
Cristianna Tovar
This article was very informative. As an individual who has been going to Walmart for most of their life, I had never really thought about its history. However, I was pleasantly surprised to read that it all started with a person by the name of Sam Walton and a loan. It’s quite inspiring since Walton started small in Rogers, Arkansas, and almost six decades later, his stores are everywhere across the globe. I also had no idea about the feud between Walmart and Kmart, so that piece was interesting to read.
Jesus Parker
Interesting to see how Sam Walton was able to make Walmart what it is today. If he was not a successful businessman there would not be a Walmart today. Also found it neat how Sam’s Club is just another company started up and ran by Sam Walton. Competition is and always be good for the consumers, so Walton knew he had to do the best he could do to beat the competitors.
Vanessa Sanchez
This has to be the most interesting topic I have read. I honestly never could of ever think about the history of Wal-Mart. It never really crossed my mind where this business could possibly come to be. Its amazing to read how Walton turned 25,000 to an international business as it is today. This story show be an example to many other businesses who are in the growing path. Amazing topic could have never imagine I would ever read about this. Amazing work.
Cameron Lopez
Although I don’t usually shop at Walmart, its usually Target and the mall. I really like the story of how Walmart came to be. Obviously Walmart serves as a store for everyone’s basically needs and how Walton turned $25,000 into what it is today is really inspiring.
Chelsea Alvarez
Walmart and Sam’s Clubs are stores that have expanded tremendously throughout the country. They sell just about anything and everything. It’s crazy how businesses like these try their hardest to eliminate any other stores that might interfere with their sales. I really enjoyed this article, because it presented a narrative within chronological events without overwhelming the reader with fact after fact. Sam Walter created an empire by opening a simple store and I think that this proves that perseverance and hard work can go a long way.
Ruben Basaldu
This was a very interesting read and I enjoyed it very much. I did not know anything about the creation of Walmart or really anything much to do with Walmart other than the creator is one of the richest men ever which after reading this article I actually found to be really interesting. I did not know that Walton served in WWII so that was a nice little piece of new information that I have now. Overall I think that the author did a very good job of telling this story.
Paola Arellano
Although funny, the corporations of Kmart and Walmart remind me of the popular cartoon show of Spongebob Squarepants. It is as though Kmart was the Chum Bucket and Walmart was the Krusty Krab. With any business there is always competition and somehow I was unaware that Kmart was founded first and then Walmart came after. It somehow feels like Walmart is just the natural store to go to. I was surprised that the one who started the corporation of Walmart served in World War II and became one of the richest men in the world. (I imagine) the amount of money that Walmart intakes even in an hour is incredible and as a business owner, Sam Walter was an incredibly intelligent man. He knew how to appeal to the public and therefore beat his competition.
Octaviano Huron
Very interesting article about the start of a major retail giant. I found it interesting how, in a way, this article had somewhat personified the corporations of Walmart and Kmart relative to competitive nature. Both companies were very prosperous and wealthy, but Walmart has stood the test of time to become a dominant retail store countless citizens know and love today.
Rosario Moreno
I have never once thought about the beginnings of Walmart and that is crazy because I am so dependent on it. I find it funny how Kmart didn’t have any competition until Walmart came along, but it is sad cause the kmarts are all gone now. I loved how you talked about the aggressiveness between Kmart and Walmart. How they were going head to head and how it was like a standoff.