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April 3, 2018

Meriwether Lewis, Revenant of the Western Oddyssey

It is the year 1804, and your leader is Captain Meriwether Lewis, front runner of the Corps of Discovery appointed by President Thomas Jefferson himself. Fueled by his hatred for the British and enamored by glory and adventure, Lewis joined the militia in 1794 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion, and then “served in the Army under General ‘Mad Anthony’ Wayne, where he notably witnessed several Indian nations sign the Treaty of Greenville on 3 August 1795.”1

Expedition Map Image courtesy of Jennifer Thermes

Unfortunately, his reputation in the Army was tarnished when he was “court-martialed for conduct unbecoming of an officer,” and although he was acquitted with honor, the consequences of his unruly behavior reshaped his military career, ending his dreams of glory on the battlefield.2 He was reassigned to another unit, and from then on filled mundane administrative positions. Despite the deviation in his career path, he continued to excel, reaching the pinnacle of his administrative career when he became the secretary to President Thomas Jefferson. The President had known Lewis since he was a boy, and believed that he possessed the knowledge and skills necessary to lead a successful expedition from the trans-Mississippi region to the Pacific Ocean.3

These were the instructions received by Meriwether Lewis from Thomas Jefferson: “The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal streams of it, as, by its course & communication with the water of the Pacific Ocean may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce.”4  Captain Lewis’s mission was to search for a new route to the Pacific; and in addition to mapping waterways such as the Missouri river, he and his team were to traverse swaths of uncharted territory. This was dangerous and unfamiliar terrain, home to many Native American tribes, some of whom they would rely on to guide them, and others who were hostile and unsympathetic to their cause. Captain Lewis would attempt to promote diplomatic relationships with these tribes, while annotating all aspects of topography and demography to send back to the President. This was his dream come true, another adventure, a chance to relish in the glory of new discoveries and an opportunity to impress the President. Captain Meriwether Lewis and his members of the Corps of Discovery would become one of the first civilized men to explore and endure the perils of the western frontier.

The expedition party “consisted of about 45 soldiers, boatmen, and woodsmen, not to mention Lewis’s dog Seaman, and a slave named York… who was considered an equal member of the troop.”5 The expeditioners endured strenuous traveling conditions, particularly dealing with mosquitoes in the summer: “their bites make the horses nearly frantic and leaves Lewis’s dog howling in pain. To escape their attacks, they tried greasing themselves by day, standing in the smoke of campfires in the evening and retreating under netting at night.”6 Investigating new landmarks was exciting, but even the slightest misstep could send them hurdling to their deaths. In fact, Lewis nearly died when “he climbed on to a jagged outcropping of rock at the top of some bluffs, when he lost his footing three hundred feet above the swift current of the Missouri River, which, in 1804, flowed directly below.”7

Grizzly Bear | Courtesy of Animal Planet

Captain Meriwether Lewis’s journey was filled with invisible threats, but the most unpredictable dangers came while exploring the Missouri River. Its waters were deceptive, leading travelers to believe that it was easily maneuverable. Its calm surface and murky waters masked the fast currents and debris that could send uprooted trees catapulting into a boat, leaving only seconds for the crew to avoid a major catastrophe. The sandbars were constantly shifting, which created a hazard for boats that were thought to be docked safely: “One night the guard awakened them all with the news that the sandbar on which they had camped was sinking. The river was carving it away, and the company barely loaded their gear into the boats and pulled away before the bank under which they had kept the boats collapsed. By the time they reached shore the sandbar was completely gone.”8 The possibility of death lurked around every corner, and soon another formidable threat was discovered while they traveled by foot, namely a vicious new species of bear, which they called the white bear, or grizzly bear. These bears were aggressive and likely to attack humans: “One bear took ten bullets, five of these through the lungs, yet swam to a sandbar more than halfway across the Missouri and survived twenty minutes before dropping. It weighed between five hundred and six hundred pounds, was eight feet seven inches long, five feet ten inches around its breast, and had claws, or ‘talons,’ four and three-eighths inches long.”9 Captain Lewis decided it was in everyone’s best interest to avoid any unnecessary confrontations with the bears. It was not worth the risk of life and limb to hunt these beasts for game. Despite the frequent mishaps caused by mother nature amidst the dangers of the wild, Captain Lewis and his troupe successfully made it to the Pacific Ocean.

The final leg of their journey was just as grueling. They traveled back to St Louis through the winter, and with food and supplies stretched thin, they resorted to a diet of dog meat. On their way back to St Louis, Captain Lewis sent his best hunter, George Drouillard, to scout the Maria River valley, when he suddenly spotted a group of Indians spying on his comrade in the distance. The fear of being robbed and the thought of losing all his important documents turned into courageous action that drove him to intervene with these suspicious onlookers before they had the opportunity to take Drouillard hostage. Captain Lewis was able to negotiate his peaceful intentions by giving them gifts, but remained uneasy when they decided to set up camp with these surprise visitors. His instincts were right. They had turned in for the night with the Blackfeet Indians, an aggressive band of Native Americans known in those parts for stealing, and even killing. “Lewis was awakened by the noise and, seeing his rifle missing, followed the Indian and ordered him to lay it down. He complied, and Lewis ordered his men to refrain from killing him, but when he and some of the other Blackfeet began to drive off the explorers’ horses, Lewis took off in pursuit, without his shot pouch, and threatened to shoot if they did not halt. When they turned, Lewis shot one in the belly, but the Blackfeet returned fire before crawling behind a rock. In the end, the Blackfeet left behind four of their own horses and got away with only one from the explorers.”10 Lewis and his team have had many close calls, but this was the first serious altercation that resulted in a firefight. Luckily, all members of the Corps of Discovery escaped death, unscathed.

Expedition Maps| Courtesy of Jennifer Thermes

Captain Meriwether Lewis and the Corps of Discovery were the “first to have traversed the American West and returned with voluminous reports.”11 They survived over eight thousand miles and were able to “describe about 180 plants and 125 animals that had not been reported to scientists.”12 They fought for their lives as they hiked through harsh terrain, navigated unpredictable waterways, fended off vicious animals, and narrowly escaped death from the hostile Blackfeet Indians. When Captain Lewis lost touch with civilization, many people thought that he and the rest of his crew had perished. On 23 September 1806 everyone was amazed when they arrived in St. Louis after two years and four months with only one casualty.13 Captain Lewis successfully completed Thomas Jefferson’s requests to explore the Missouri river and map out its waterways, found the Pacific Ocean, provided documentation of the lands they crossed and the Native American tribes they interacted with along the way to establish peace on behalf of the United States government. 14 His courage, curiosity, and determination to accomplish the task set forth by President Thomas Jefferson enabled him to push the boundaries of exploration. He defied all limitations of the civilized world, making him one of the most ground-breaking explorers in the United States of America.

  1. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 183: American Travel Writers 1776-1864, January 1997, s.v. “Meriwether Lewis,” by Rob J. Brault.
  2. Cyclopedia of World Authors, January 2003 s.v. “Meriwether Lewis,” by Joseph Byrne.
  3. Cyclopedia of World Authors, January 2003 s.v. “Meriwether Lewis,” by Joseph Byrne.
  4. Thomas Jefferson, “Instructions to Meriwether Lewis,” Instructions to Meriwether Lewis (August 2017), 422.
  5. Keira Stevenson, “The Expedition of Lewis & Clark,” Expedition of Lewis & Clark (August 2017): 1.
  6. Ann Rogers, Lewis and Clark in Missouri (Colombia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 49.
  7. Ann Rogers, Lewis and Clark in Missouri (Colombia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 34.
  8. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 183: American Travel Writers 1776-1864, January 1997, s.v. “Meriwether Lewis,” by Rob J. Brault.
  9. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 183: American Travel Writers 1776-1864, January 1997, s.v. “Meriwether Lewis,” by Rob J. Brault.
  10. Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 183: American Travel Writers 1776-1864, January 1997, s.v. “Meriwether Lewis,” by Rob J. Brault.
  11. Encyclopedia of Geography, 2010, s.v “Lewis and Clark Expedition,” by John Allen.
  12. Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 2017, s.v “Lewis and Clark Expedition.”
  13. Ann Rogers, Lewis and Clark in Missouri (Colombia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 88, 90.
  14. Ann Rogers, Lewis and Clark in Missouri (Colombia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 89-90.

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51 comments

  • Kenneth Gilley

    What an interesting article! Lewis and Clark’s journey will always be one of the greatest stories in American history. It is amazing that Lewis knew President Jefferson and was personally appointed by him. Even more amazing is that Lewis and Clark were able to overcome all the difficulties standing between them and making it all the way to the Pacific and back again. They were clearly fantastic leaders.

  • Hali Garcia

    This is a great article! I have only heard of Lewis but I never knew what all his adventure was. I found this article to be interesting because it describes what obstacles and hardships he and his crew faced such as, grizzly bears, mosquitoes, and Native Americans. It was also nice to look into a little bit of his background, I never knew he knew President Jefferson. Overall, this was a very interesting article.

  • Mariah Cavanaugh

    This is a great article! Captain Meriwether Lewis pulled off something incredible without much help or support other than the crew he set out with. It is hard to imagine someone willing to head into the unknown with only the sure knowledge that there would be danger along the way and possibly even death. Yet, he managed to return with nearly all of his crew and information that would help early American’s traverse the west.

  • Felicia Stewart

    This article was a great read! Before reading this article, I was not very familiar with. Meriwether Lewis or his story. However, I cannot imagine the amount of courage that it took Lewis to travel over 8,000 miles in unexplored territory. He was venturing into what was unknown at the time and could have encountered anything which took a substantial amount of courage. I think this article did a great job of exploring and explaining his journey.

  • Mariana Valadez

    I had never heard about Captain Lewis before this article. The author did a great job in explain his achievement. Lewis had great courage to be able to travel 8,000 miles knowing no one had ever explored that terrain before. He never gave up despite his setbacks and proved that you can achieve whatever you dedicate yourself to do. Great article.

  • Bictor Martinez

    Captain Louis had to have an enormous amount of courage to take on the task given to him by Thomas Jefferson. He traveled over eight thousand miles into unknown terrain not knowing what he was going to see. Despite not knowing what animals and humans could have killed him, he went on and took the task head on. His determination and courage is what made him to be one of the best explorers ever.

  • Nathan Alba

    I thought the intro to the article was great. On top of that the article really had a sense of danger throughout, and was great with describing what it was like to literally be a “trail blazer”. I mean who in their right mine would ever want to venture out into the unknown with danger lurking every step of the way. However crazy Lewis was, what he did (along with his colleagues) was nothing short of admirable. The crew will live on forever in American history as the great explorers of North America.

  • Jabnel Ibarra

    The amount of determination and willpower Lewis had to complete the task of traversing over 8,000 miles of previously unexplored terrain is amazing and utterly inspiring. Beyond that I am also impressed with how, despite being court-martialed, he maintained his work ethic and determination and managed to work his way up the mundane administrative positions he’d been assigned all the way up to becoming secretary to the president of the United States. Setbacks are always disheartening and it can be easy to give up, but Meriwether Lewis proved that success can always be achieved as long as you keep working towards your goal.

  • Alyssa Garza

    This article is very well written, and it had me hooked on wanting to read the more struggles that they we’re going through. I’m a bit surprise that they only had one casualty considering all the different struggles that they went though. Meriwether Lewis is an adventures man that wants to explore the world and see what’s out there. He was able to explore and although there were a few close calls his team made it back home with only one casualty.

  • Antoinette Johnson

    I knew of Meriwether Lewis from history class and that he helped President Jefferson. Lewis was really courageous to risk his to accomplish the goal of the President to map out the Pacific Ocean. Plus, he did extra like finding plants and animals species that he brought back for scientist to explore. Determination like that of Lewis’s helps to accomplish goals and to continue to strive toward your goal even when faced with tough obstacles. Lewis faced obstacles of an attacking grizzly bear, mosquitoes, resources stretching thin, and deadly waters, and Blackfeet natives but still him and his crew still continued on their journey from start to finish.

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