“My girl, My girl, Talkin’ bout my girl!” Does this song ring a bell? It should. It’s one of Motown’s biggest hits by The Temptations. Yes the all-boy group in suits and ties. Sharp from head to toe and giving you those funky moves, while sliding from one side of the floor to another. You might be asking, What is Motown, what is she talking about. I’m talking about one of the largest black-owned record companies in the 1960s. Owned by the man himself, Berry Gordy, the brains behind it all. Many know the artists that Motown Records established, like Diana Ross, Smokey Robinson, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and The Jackson Five. Before the rise of Motown and the fame it achieved, Berry Gordy, from humble beginnings, started his career in the record business from the bottom, and had to make his way to the top. Using the resources he had, he transformed his home into a recording studio, and took his vision and made it a reality.¹ In 1961, Gordy hung a sign on his property, naming the house Hitsville U.S.A. He later explained that the sign symbolized the idea that when you come into this house, be prepared to sing, dance, write, produce, sell, or manage great music. Gordy’s company was a gateway for many black artists who would otherwise never have had an opportunity to enter the music business. Most of the artists Berry signed for his label were extremely young. The Supremes were still in high school! In Florence Ballard’s book The Lost Supreme, Ballard writes about how Diana Ross and Mary Wilson had to convince her parents to let her come sing with them. Berry actually denied them the first time they auditioned, telling them that they were too young, and to come back when they graduated. Berry was very strategic and particular on how he wanted his artist to look, a characteristic he gained from his experience working on the assembly line in the Lincoln Mercury car factory years earlier. Just like an assembly line worked, he wanted to take a piece of raw talent and turn it into an award winning artist. Most of the artists had potential, but were unsophisticated in terms of the music industry’s standpoint.  Maxine Powell, who ran her own “Finishing and Modeling School,” taught the artists how to be elegant, and she tutored them in elocution. It was very important for them to do everything gracefully and with poise. She develop their social skills, like how to smoke a cigarette with class, or how to exit a limousine elegantly. Berry Gordy said that Mrs. Powell “brought something to Motown that no other record company had,” adding about the artists, “She was tough, but when she got through with them, they were poised, professional and very thankful.”² Not only were his artists unique; so was their music. The Motown Sound was rare and exclusive, and other record companies found it hard to replicate that sound. Motown’s secret weapon was The Funk Brothers. This band played exclusively for Motown, and their sound is behind all the groups, from The Supremes to The Temptations. Many people think that the singers, producers, and songwriters made the “Motown sound,” but it was actually The Funk Brothers, who have rarely been given the credit or recognition for their work that they are due. Berry, thinking as a business man thought, felt that it was not a good idea to reveal who they were, because the musicians were a lot older than the artists, and the Motown sound was about young America, and having a youthful feeling.³ The music was joyous, sad, romantic, grooving, and moving. The music was full of great melodies and harmonization, lots of tambourines and hand-clapping, blaring horns, driving bass lines, with an interplay between the lead singers and their backup vocalists. Gordy was about perfection, and he set up a quality-control process to weed out anything that didn’t meet his standards. All final recordings were brought to the quality-control department. He asked for opinions from a panel of listeners, a rhythm-and-blues version of a focus group. They included Gordy’s own family, top talent like Smokey Robinson, Motown secretaries, and people brought in off the street just to be listeners. Gordy would ask them the question, “If you had only enough money for this record or a sandwich, which would you buy?” That process allowed the “Motown sound” to become a trademark. The record-buying public soon learned that a Motown single was always worth more than the cost of a sandwich. Berry was always on top of it; he also kept a watchful eye on the record charts, and quizzed young people about their taste in music. For Berry to make his records outstanding, he checked to make sure that Motown had all the gleaming and smooth-rhythm of pop music but still would be able to maintain the funkiness of soul music.⁴ At the beginning, Gordy just wanted to write music just for the girl bands, but it became bigger than he thought. Not only did people all over the world listen to his music, big rock artists did too, even from the UK. This opened many doors for Motown, which led to a UK tour. Motown had many influences on pop music. But it also influenced black communities and the social problems it faced in the turbulent 1960s. While Gordy rarely wanted his musicians to take on controversial issues in their songs, he did release Marvin’s Gaye hit, “What’s Going On,” which did address those issues. At first, Berry was hesitant on releasing the song because it was political. But Marvin insisted, and in 1971 “What’s Going On” was released and broke many barriers. It touched on racism, war, and other social issues, but did so in a peaceful way. It became #1 on the R&B charts, and #2 on the billboard charts. A fact that many don’t know is that Marvin and Berry did not always have a great relationship. Marvin married Berry’s sister Anna Gordy, but consistently cheated on her. Therefore, that made tension between the two of them. Marvin says that Anna saved his job at Motown Records.⁵

Over time, Motown lost some of its early touch and appeal. Many of the artists at Motown became very dissatisfied. Some artists thought that they were not getting enough credit for their work, like the writing team of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Edward Holland Jr., who ended up filing a lawsuit against Motown. Stevie Wonder also left Motown, wanting to break out of the “Motown sound” and make his own sound, which he did. Diana Ross left the label for a 20 million dollar deal, and this action broke Berry’s heart. Berry and Diana had had a love affair, but Diana put her first love before anything, and that was her music. Motown continued to be successful in the 1970s by bringing in new artists, but it just wasn’t the same. Eventually Berry Gordy sold Motown Records for 61 million dollars. What Motown brought to the world will never be repeated. It gave hope to black people, brought diversity into music, and, last but not least, it gave us all the feeling of fulfillment, and joy.⁶