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April 7, 2019

Murder or “Justifiable Homicide”?: The Death of the Revolutionary Fred Hampton

Winner of the Spring 2019 StMU History Media Award for

Best Use of Images

On the morning of December 4, 1969, just before 5 am, a small team of officers stormed the home of the chairman of the Chicago chapter of the Black Panther Party and opened fire. By the time it was over, almost one hundred rounds, ninety-nine of which had come from the officers, had been fired, and Mark Clack and Fred Hampton, the chairman of the Chicago chapter of the Black Panthers, lay dead.

Born August 30, 1948, Fred Hampton seemed to be destined to be a revolutionary from a young age. At just sixteen, Fred took over his local youth chapter of the NAACP and grew numbers from roughly 100 to close to 700.1 Around the same time, he set up a protest of the policy of black girls being excluded from being elected homecoming queen, and successfully changed it.2

After high school, Fred’s work for social justice continued, championing a neighborhood pool and recreation center that would allow the youth of the community to have a place to spend the days during the summer. By nineteen years old, Fred Hampton became the deputy chairman of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party. Unlike the violent and militant picture that has been painted of the Black Panther Party, BPP, local chapters worked incredibly hard to better their communities, much like Fred did before he joined. Chapters implemented school lunch programs, opened health clinics, protested for street light installation when people continued to die at intersections, held political education classes to educate people within the community on their rights, and much more. The BPP had a 10 point program that laid out their missions:

1. We want freedom. We want the power to determine the destiny of our black community.
2. We want full employment for our people.
3. We want the end to the robbery by the capitalist of our black community.
4. We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings.
5. We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present day society.
6. We want all black men exempt from military service.
7. We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people.
8. We want freedom for all black men held in federal, state, county, and city prisons and jails.
9. We want all black people when brought to trial to be tried in a court by a jury of their peer group or people from their black communities, as defined by the constitution of the United States.
10. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.3

Shortly after taking the role he did, Fred promptly became the target of the FBI’s COINTELPRO, whose purpose, among other things, was to “prevent the rise of a ‘messiah’ who could unify, and electrify, the militant black nationalist movement.”4 This easily could have been Fred, as “he stood next in line for national leadership of the BPP” and did in fact electrify the people.5 Fred was paramount in the implementation of the school breakfast programs and health clinics for people in his community. Not only were social programs flourishing under Fred; he “had an uncanny ability to relay his message” and unite all members of the community, from “urbanized youth” to “church going members of the black community,” while also, like other BPP chapters around the US, giving political education class every day.6

Fred Hampton at a rally September 1969 | Courtesy Chicago Tribune

Along with unifying the black community, under the Rainbow Coalition, Fred was able to unite all disenfranchised members of society, no matter their skin color. On top of all of this, Fred worked to broker a nonaggression pact between “some of the most notorious gangs in Chicago,” and was in the middle of brokering another deal that would move people off the streets and out of gangs, and into the BPP, to fight “the true enemy–the government and the police.”7 Fred’s ability to bring people together and bring true change impacted many lives, but unfortunately, as he predicted, it also cost him his life.

The stated purpose of the December 4 raid was to seize illegal weapons that the Panthers were suspected of possessing, but, the illegal weapons they were in search of were never produced. Furthermore, during a federal grand jury investigation, it was noted, “the whole concept of going on a raid in a high crime density area to obtain weapons from known militants—led by a convicted felon believed to be dangerous—with only fourteen men in plainclothes, in the dead of night, with no sound equipment, no lighting equipment, no tear gas, and no plan for dealing with potential resistance—seems ill-conceived.”8 With this idea, it seems unlikely that the purpose was to obtain any weapons, as Austin Curtis states in his book Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party, “if [those in charge] had wanted to avoid violence and to confiscate the weapons they claimed to be searching for, they would have conducted the operation in the early evening,” but “as indicated by the heavy arsenal [including shotguns, submachine guns, carbines, and pistols] they carried,” it is clear that avoidance of violence was not what had been planned, especially with the knowledge that an 8 pm raid was rejected, even though it was known that the apartment would have been empty.9

Prior to the raid, there had been many attempts by COINTELPRO to discredit, disrupt, and disband BPP chapters, through, what seems like, any means necessary, including instigation of gang violence, seizure of assets, destruction of headquarters, and infiltration of the party, among other things. When the first three of those proved unsuccessful, infiltration of the party ultimately led to its downfall and the death of Fred when William O’Neal, an FBI informant, joined the party and “quickly moved up the ranks.”10 During his time as an informant, O’Neal, under orders from the FBI, sabotaged the breakfast program, stole documents financial and otherwise, and encouraged violence against police and the community with FBI supplied weapons and bombs, among many other tasks.11 O’Neal is also, for all intents and purposes, the person who brought about Fred’s death. Not only did he supply a hand drawn layout of Fred’s apartment, which even noted the rough height of the bed, he also supplied a list of who would most likely be there at a given time, and even drugged Fred, so that he would be unable to react at the time of the raid.12

Shortly before 5 am on the morning of December 4, fourteen officers stormed the home of Fred Hampton, where he, his pregnant girlfriend, and several others were sleeping. At the end, two men, Mark Clack and Fred, lay dead, while several others were wounded, critically or otherwise. The surviving members were then arrested and all “charged with attempted murder, aggravated assault, and assault with a deadly weapon, with bail set at at least $100,000 each.”13 Immediately, the police, and state’s attorney in charge of the raid, touted the raid as a success and put forth a narrative in which the Panther members were the aggressors, even stating that when they, the police, shouted for a cease fire, they were met with shouts to “shoot it out.”14 The members of the force were praised for their “bravery” and “professional discipline in not killing all the Panthers present,” and even did a CBS special reenactment of the raid, to “show” the public what had happened, along with supplying photo “evidence” of the Panther’s aggression in the form of bullet holes.15

Fred Hampton Bed after Death | Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

This story quickly unraveled as independent investigations by many parties, Panthers, media, and more, in conjunction with the stories of the survivors, painted a very different picture. The “bullet holes” that were touted as proof of Panther aggression turned out to be no more than nail heads in the wall.16 With this information, it was discovered that the Panther’s had only fired one shot, which came from the gun of Mark Clack after he had been shot in the heart outside the door, with the other ninety-nine rounds from the officers of the raid. Furthermore, after evaluation of the scene, which against protocol had not be secured or sealed, it showed that the brunt of the bullets were aimed in the direction of the bedroom, where Fred and his girlfriend slept.17 The stories of the survivors further threw into question the story given by the police, especially that of Fred’s girlfriend. When she was unable to wake Fred, even though she was eight months pregnant with their child, she climbed on top of him to attempt to shield him from the hail of bullets, which only stopped when someone shouted “we got a pregnant sister in here.”18 After being dragged out of the room, she, and other survivors, reported hearing a conversation between three people that went as follows:

First Voice: “That’s Fred Hampton.”

Second Voice: “Is he dead? Bring him out [of his bedroom].

First Voice: “He’s barely alive; he’ll make it.”

Two gun shots, followed by a third voice: “He’s good and dead now.”19

An autopsy report confirmed this account, as the fatal bullet wounds “entered directly in front of the right ear and exited from the left side of the throat, and the other entered the right forehead and probed to a point behind the left eye…[all] consistent with two shots to the head at point blank range.”20 All of this, in culmination with none of the weapons within the home actually having been illegally obtained, and that the search warrant itself had been illegally obtained, made the raid itself illegal and orchestrated under false pretense, which led to the creation of a federal grand jury to investigate the raid and Fred’s death.21 Unfortunately, even with the acknowledgement of excessive force, the entirely illegal search warrant, the obvious discrepancies between the stories of the officers and the evidence, acknowledgement that “officers fired ninety-nine shots through the walls of an apartment where they knew people were sleeping” and the conclusion “unquestionably the raid was not professionally planned or properly executed and the result of the raid was two deaths, four injuries and seven improper criminal charges,” the report stated “the physical evidence and the discrepancies in the officers’ accounts are insufficient to establish probable cause to charge the officers with a willful violation of the occupants’ civil rights,” instead labeling the deaths “justifiable homicide.”22

Small part of the Large Attendance at Fred Hampton’s Funeral | Courtesy of William Kelley, Chicago Tribune
After Fred’s death, thousands went to view his body at the funeral home, and the following Monday at the funeral, another five thousand viewed the open casket, all of which showcased the incredible impact that Fred left on his community. The obituary, read at the funeral, ended with something Fred strongly believed: “You can kill the revolutionary, but you can’t kill the revolution. You can jail the liberator, but you can’t jail the liberation. You can run the freedom fighter all around the country, but you can’t stop freedom fighting.”23

  1. Kathryn Herr and Gary L. Anderson, Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2007) 669; William Hampton, The Essence of Fred Hampton: An Attempt to Capture the Spirit of a Young Man Who Influenced So Many and to Pass It On to Those Who Didn’t Have the Opportunity to Meet Him (Chicago: Salsedo Press, 1989), 12; Flint Taylor and Dennis Cunningham, “Fred Hampton 20th Commemoration,” The December 4th Committee, http://peopleslawoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Hampton.-20th-Anniversary-Booklet-1989.pdf , accessed March 15, 2019, 1.
  2. William Hampton, The Essence of Fred Hampton: An Attempt to Capture the Spirit of a Young Man Who Influenced So Many and to Pass It On to Those Who Didn’t Have the Opportunity to Meet Him (Chicago: Salsedo Press, 1989), 46.
  3. Dwayne Newton, Black Panther Party Ten Point Program, 2016, Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California.
  4. “COINTELPRO Black Extremist Part 01 of 23,” FBI, May 05, 2011, (Accessed April 05, 2019) https://vault.fbi.gov/cointel-pro/cointel-pro-black-extremists/cointelpro-black-extremists-part-01-of/view, 69.
  5. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006), 189.
  6. Kathryn Herr and Gary L. Anderson, Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2007), 669.
  7. Flint Taylor and Dennis Cunningham, “Fred Hampton 20th Commemoration,” The December 4th Committee, http://peopleslawoffice.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Hampton.-20th-Anniversary-Booklet-1989.pdf , accessed March 15, 2019, 2.
  8. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006), 191.
  9. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006), 217.
  10. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006), 207.
  11. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press 2006), 208.
  12. Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago, The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 183.
  13. Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago, The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 185.
  14. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press 2006), 221.
  15. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press 2006), 221.
  16. Jeffrey Haas, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther (Chicago, Ill: Lawrence Hill Books 2010), 106.
  17. Jeffrey Haas, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther (Chicago, Ill: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010), 99.
  18. Jeffrey Haas, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther (Chicago, Ill: Lawrence Hill Books 2010), 77.
  19. Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago, The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 185.
  20. Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago, The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 185.
  21. Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press 2006), 213.
  22. Jakobi Williams, From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago, The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 189; Curtis J Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2006), 222.
  23.   Jeffrey Haas, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther (Chicago, Ill: Lawrence Hill Books 2010), 108.

Recent Comments

70 comments

  • Isabel Soto

    Congrats on this article you did such a great job with how well the structure of this article was. This was a very informative article about Fred Hampton and the images used in it did a great job of portraying the story. Hampton just wanted equality for black Americans and wanted to build a stronger and better community than what they were living in. His murder should not have been deemed justifiable just because of the color of his skin.

  • Iris Reyna

    Good job on the article Natalie, it was informative and educational and was put together nicely. Congrats on winning the Spring 2019 Award for Best Use of Images. Reading the article was painful because of the awful malicious murder of Fred Hampton. He was doing so much good for the African American community when he was tragically taken. The images within the article did a good job of portraying the tragic event of Fred Hampton by people that were meant to protect others. It’s so sad.

  • Victoria Castillo

    Great article and congratulations on your award! I’ve never heard of Fred Hampton, so to learn that even at the young age of 16 he was already creating great change for the black community. Hampton seemed to be on the right track to go about things to support the black community, and the community in general, even going as far to communicate with notorious gangs to prevent more violence. It’s sad to know that if Hampton were to have not been killed, he would have most definitely changed a lot of things for the better. I do wonder if the police officers involved were ever held accountable later on for the illegal things they did that day.

  • Madison Magaro

    This was a very informative article about Fred Hampton and the images used in it did a great job at portraying the story. Hampton just wanted equality for black Americans and wanted to build a stronger and better community then what they were living in. His murder should not have been deemed justifiable just because of the color of his skin.

  • Sierra Christa

    This article used amazing and breathtaking images that were able to portray the story perfectly. As someone who had no prior knowledge as to who Fred Hampton was, this article did a great job explaining what he believed in and what he symbolized. I also think that this article helped me have a different viewpoint on who the Black Panthers were and their goals.

  • Maggie Trujillo

    Congratulations on winning the category for best use of images! I had never heard of Fred Hamilton until this article. From reading this, it seemed like Fred Hamilton was doing good against fighting racism and setting up opportunities for people in his community. It is sad to read that O’Neal, as an informant, literally contributed to Hamilton’s death and then for it to be considered justifiable – even with the evidence that proves otherwise. Thank you for bringing Hamilton’s story to awareness.

  • Gabriella Galdeano

    Congratulations on the award won for this article! I liked the first image of Fred Hampton and a quote of his. The quote reminds me of Martin Luther King’s ideology of nonviolent resistance. Unlike MLK, I had not learned about Fred Hampton. It is disgusting how his murder was deemed “justifiable.” He had been working on changing African American lives for the better. The government should not have perceived this as a threat.

  • Andrea Tapia

    Congratulations on the award, the images were amazing and they helped me understand better about what I was reading. Fred Hampton was an amazing role model, he wanted equality for black Americans and build a better community than the one we were living in. The Civil Rights Movement was an outstanding moment in history that we still live on so black Americans can be able to live in peace rather than fear. It is devasting that he died at such a young and his death inspired many others to stand up for their own people. I wasn’t really aware of the Black Panthers group, but I was aware that they used violence to fight for what is right. They had good intentions, but at the end violence was not always the better way to go. This article definitely changed my view on the group and that they just wanted equal justice for their people.

  • Karlo Collazo

    I really enjoyed the informative style of writing and explaining you did over Fred Hampton. I always viewed the Black Panthers in this very anti-hero way, like they had the good intentions but the bad means of accomplishing their goals, but this helps put a somewhat different perspective for me.

  • Natalia Ramirez

    Congratulations on your award for best images! This was a very informative and interesting article to read. I definitely learned about someone new today. Fred Hampton is a very admirable for fighting for the Black community. His efforts put his life in jeopardy, but he never stopped fighting for what he believed in and for that he is very brave.

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