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April 7, 1931. Thousands of people gathered in the small town of Scottsboro, Alabama. A brass band entertained them with the song “There’ll be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight.”1 The verdict of nineteen-year-old Clarence Norris was read, convicting him of a crime he did not commit, and sentencing him to death. Clarence was the son of a former slave. At the young age of seven, he was put to work in the fields and went to school minimally. After his father died, he began working for wages, and he took a trip on the Southern Railroad to look for work. However, all it took was this train ride to change his whole life. And most importantly, all it took was this specific train ride to change history. Clarence Norris, an African-American teenager, was aboard that train, moving from town to town looking for a better life and a better opportunity. But what happened on that train ended all of those hopes. What began as a fight between a group of African-American teenagers and white teenagers would land Norris and the eight other “Scottsboro Boys” in jail with a minor charge. However, when two white females who were aboard the train told a different story, not only would the teenagers’ reputations be in danger, but their lives as well.

On the morning of March 25, 1931, nine African-American male teenagers were pulled off the train by the sheriff’s posse in response to a complaint about a fight on the train. Victoria Price, twenty-one, and Ruby Bates, eighteen, were also on the train hoboing, wandering aimlessly from one place to another looking for work. When questioned by the sheriff’s posse, the young ladies changed the lives of these nine young men when they accuse them of rape. By that evening, the local newspaper, Jackson County Sentinel, spread the word of this “revolting crime.”2

1931, ordinary general and department stores, houses, and schools were found on every corner. However, there was something far more sinister waiting around the corner. Groups of white individuals would gather together to form mobs to demand a lynching.3 This was what awaited the nine boys when they arrived at Scottsboro, only to be convicted of a crime they had not committed. By March 30, 1931, five days after being arrested for a minor charge, the Scottsboro Boys were all indicted by a grand jury. Then April 7 came. Distraught and alone, Clarence Norris found himself in a jail cell with a lynch mob forming outside the jail. The National Guard was brought in, in order to protect the Scottsboro Boys. Up to 10,000 spectators gathered as they brought Norris to trial, with armed soldiers on hand to keep the growing mob at bay. Bates had testified that she was beaten and bruised by the repeated rapes and that she lost consciousness, regaining consciousness only when she found herself on the way to the Scottsboro jail. However, multiple witnesses and officers reported seeing her fully conscious when she, and the boys, were taken off the train. R.R. Bridges, the physician who examined the two girls, testified that they showed evidence of recent sexual activity, but not recent enough to match the time of the alleged rapes, and they showed no evidence of bruising or violent treatment. The verdict was read and Clarence’s fate was in the hands of an all-white jury. The defense team provided to Clarence was Tennessee attorney Stephen R. Roddy, an alcoholic, who was not familiar with Alabama law, and Milo Moody, a 69-year-old lawyer who hadn’t practiced in years. 4 Despite the contrary evidence, in less than two hours, with the testimonies of Price and Bates, and the lack of proper representation, nineteen-year-old Clarence was sentenced to death. Surrounded by strangers, charged by men and a system built against his people, Clarence Norris began his forty-five-year long hardship, not only fighting for his rights, but also for his life.

“I was scared before, but it wasn’t nothing to how I felt now. I knew if a white woman accused a black man of rape, he was as good as dead… All I could think was that I was going to die for something I had not done.” – Clarence Norris 5

A picture of Clarence Norris | Courtesy of Montgomery Archives

Anger and dismay began to sweep the nation and around the world over the racially motivated arrests and prosecution of the boys. In May of that year, hundreds of thousands of supporters gathered to protest the convictions and demanded the freedom of the young Scottsboro Boys.6 Astonished by the age of the defendants, the length of their trials, and sentences received, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as the International Labor Defense (ILD) reached out and provided support for the young men and their families. The organizations even raised money for appeals. However, the NAACP withdrew from the case due to the nature of the crime. 7

A flyer advertising one of the many mass meetings held demanding freedom for the “Scottsboro Boys.” This flyer is for a 1934 rally sponsored by the International Labor Defense. | Courtesy of Pictryl

The following year, the Alabama Supreme Court kept all of the Scottsboro Boys convictions and death sentences except for the second youngest, Eugene Williams. In November, however, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Powell v. Alabama that Alabama had denied the defendants acceptable felony illustration or due manner guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.8

During this time, Clarence spent the majority of his time on death row, haunted by the executions he could hear from his cell, and dreamt of his death. Norris was only nineteen years old and was forced to hear people being put to death. He lived knowing that the death penalty was the sentence handed to him, that eventually, his turn was going to come to be in that chair, for something that he never did. Norris was retried again in 1933, only to be sentenced to death yet again. However, this time his appeal was sent to the United States Supreme Court. In the trial, the court ruled that the absence of black jurors was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause and called for a retrial.9 While awaiting a new trial, Norris felt alone and there was no one to talk to or anyone to listen to his story. Norris was tried and convicted a third time in 1937. Norris spent fifteen years in prison. Twice his head was shaved in preparation for his execution. 

 “I am alone, out to myself. No one to say a Kind word to Me just listens to the other people away from me.” – Clarence Norris

However, what the world didn’t expect was for the rape charges against Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Roy Wright to be dropped.10 As these Scottsboro Boys were released, Norris suspected that the State changed the story to get the four boys free, sacrificing his chance at freedom. The next year, his death sentence was commuted to life in prison. While working in a prison mill, Norris would lose a finger, be abused by guards, and spent long periods in solitary confinement. A once young man was now raised into the prison system, facing hardships for something he never did. Clarence Norris was losing hope.

Four of the ‘Scottsboro Boys’ with  Attorney Samuel Leibowitz after release (7/25/37) | Courtesy of Douglas O. Linder

In 1944 Clarence Norris stepped outside jail for the first time since 1931 when he was paroled.11 After prison, he was made to work in a sawmill by his parole officer. However, Norris had enough and it was time to leave, and he violated the conditions of his parole by leaving Alabama. At the time, Attorney Chalmers was still attempting to negotiate for the release of Powell and Patterson; his parole violations made this task monumentally more difficult. Eventually, Chalmers persuaded Norris to return to Alabama where he was taken into custody for another two years. Once paroled again, Norris violated his conditions by fleeing to New York, vowing to remain a fugitive, never to return.

Taking up his brother’s identity Norris found work on his own or with the help of friends like his defense lawyer, Samuel Leibowitz, and the NAACP. By the 1960s, he was living with a third wife and their children in Brooklyn, New York. Still, in violation of his parole, Norris always feared the effect of his past on his children. Norris contacted the NAACP to help him arrange a pardon. The NAACP launched a public campaign in the fall of 1976, which resulted in Governor George Wallace granting Norris a full pardon, officially freeing him at last, 45 years after his initial arrest.12 Norris died in 1989 at the age of 76, after publishing an autobiography, The Last of the Scottsboro Boys; he was the last surviving member of the original nine. It took eighty-two years for the State of Alabama to posthumously pardon the other Scottsboro Boys: Powell, Andy Wright, and Patterson in 2013. 

Today, everyone who was a part of the trial is gone, but still, the story of the Scottsboro Boy lives on in sons, daughters, grandsons, and neighbors. The convictions of nine innocent teenagers have haunted the nation. It’s been 88 years since the Scottsboro Boys were first convicted of rape and sentenced to death, and most of the lives of the Scottsboro Boys have been lost in the light of this American tragedy. However, the effects of their cases have left an everlasting effect on today’s world and have helped provide the strength to bring justice in a time when people have become divided once more.13

“The lesson to black people, to my children, to everybody, is that you should always fight for your rights, even if it cost you your life. Stand up for your rights, even if it kills you. That’s all that life consists of.” – Clarence Norris

  1. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2013, s.v. “Scottsboro Boys” by Margaret Burnham.
  2. James Goodman, Stories of Scottsboro (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994), 11-12, Google Scholar.
  3. James A. Miller, Susan D. Pennybacker, and Eve Rosenhaft, “Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 1931-1934,” The American Historical Review 106, no. 2 (2001): 390-391.
  4. Hugh T. Murray, “The NAACP versus the Communist Party: The Scottsboro Rape Cases, 1931-1932,” Phylon (1960-), no. 3 (1967): 276-277.
  5. James E. Goodman, Stories of Scottsboro (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 5.
  6. Hugh T. Murray, “The NAACP versus the Communist Party: The Scottsboro Rape Cases, 1931-1932,” Phylon (1960-), no. 3 (1967): 278.
  7. James A. Miller, Susan D. Pennybacker, and Eve Rosenhaft, “Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 1931-1934,” The American Historical Review 106, no. 2 (2001): 390-391.
  8. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2013, s.v. “Scottsboro Boys,” by Margaret Burnham.
  9. Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587 (1935).
  10. Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, 2008, s.v. “Scottsboro Boys” by William Bush.
  11. James A. Miller, Susan D. Pennybacker, and Eve Rosenhaft, “Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 1931-1934,” The American Historical Review 106, no. 2 (2001): 392.
  12. Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, 2008, s.v. “Scottsboro Boys” by William Bush.
  13. Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, 2008, s.v. “Scottsboro Boys” by William Bush.

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Kathryn Martinez

My name is Kathryn Martinez. I am a forensic science criminology major with a minor in biology, graduating in the fall of 2022.

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75 comments

  • Saira Locke

    It really saddens me that events like this happened in our history. This case is pure discrimination and racism. At that time in history it was beyond unfair to have an all-white jury because they are bound to be bias. It shocks me that it took 45 years for the justice system to set Clarence Norris free when there was no real evidence. He, and all of the Scottsboro Boys, should never have received the death penalty in the first place for a crime of this sort with no evidence against him and being a teenager.

  • Alexander Avina

    This was a very inspiring and informative article. I was never aware of this situation and this figure’s influence on the situation. Although this seems like a somewhat distant topic, much of the issue of racism is still a sad reality that individuals deal with each day. It is always incredible to read about humans that took a stand for themselves and the others around them. This is one of the situations where a single human had such a profound effect on a movement.

  • Eliezer Leal

    I have only heard about this from the name of the Scottsboro boys. This is a tragic story to read, to hear that Clarence was subjected to an unfair bias trial twice and had to hear the execution of other prisoners while incarcerated at such a young age is horrible. For him to ignore his parol seems fair to me considering the unfair accusations, once out I can imagine all he wanted to do was escape.

  • Azucena Cuevas

    I have never heard about this case, but it was heartbreaking to read. I really liked how detailed it was and it explained everything clearly. It’s so tragic how much the nine boys suffered for as crime that wasn’t committed. It’s even worse how long it took the courts to pardon them, and how cruel one must be to accuse those boys of something so terrible.

  • Patricia Arechiga

    I am surprised that I have never heard of this story before considering the fact that the case went all the way to the supreme court. I find it beyond disgusting that there was a time period in which the ultimate fate of a person of color was determined by a white individual. I was beyond angry reading that there was no evidence that proved the ‘rape’ committed by the boys and yet the jury believed the two white girls. I wish there was more justice done for the Scottaboro boys.

  • Sydney Hardeman

    The story of the Scottsboro boys is a prime example of how the criminal justice system targets black men specifically. What happened to the Scottsboro boys has happened to so many throughout the history of the United States, wrongfully accused of a crime they did not commit. Being accused of raping white women has been a common thing for black men especially during this time period.

  • Cynthia Perez

    I remember reading into this case and it really does demonstrate the realistic embodiment of racism. All it took was two white females to accuse nine black males of rape in order to get them sentenced to death. The evidence didn’t even matter it was simply ignored as the white jury made their decision based off of the color of their skin. It’s a prime example of unsolved injustice that should still be reflected on today.

  • Judy Reyes

    This was an interesting and informative article in that I have never heard of their story. The Scottsboro Boys were falsely convicted and never really got justice in their lifetime. It is terrible that those two girls could falsely accuse them and not feel any remorse whatsoever.It is also sad that even with no evidence of them committing this act the system still imprisoned them.

  • Edith Santos Sevilla

    The story of the Scottsboro Boys is interesting and very eye opening, I have not heard of the story before this and it really shows how the teenagers were discriminated and wrongfully accused. It took Clarence Norris a huge part of his life to be a free man, and there was not going to be any way that he could recover the time that he spent behind bars. It is really sad how he felt that he could not talk to anybody to tell his story and the people in the justice system did not believe anything that he said. While I was reading it made me reflect in the justice system that we have and that years ago and even today some people are not heard. The article is descriptive and well written I enjoyed reading it.

  • Hannah Hennon

    This story is so crazy, and it shows the injustice it is for people of color. Norris was convicted and considered guilty for raping the two girls despite the evidence of the girls not being raped. At least Norris was released at the end, and he was able to write a book about his experience and the other eight boys.

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