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May 11, 2022

Nuclear Power Plants in Japan after the Fukushima Disaster

On March 11, 2011 at 2:46PM local time, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan. It was such a powerful catastrophe, that Japan’s main island, Honshu, was permanently moved more than two meters to the east. As the earthquake gained momentum, wave runups of up to 40 meters began crushing the country’s coast. The effects of the earthquake and the waves were too much for the Japanese. More than 20,000 people died or went missing, and hundreds of thousands more lost their homes. After the initial catastrophe, a series of accidents and disasters continued during the following days putting even more lives at risk. Fifty minutes after the initial earthquake, a 14-meter tsunami hit the Fukushima Daiichi (Number One) nuclear power plant. The water from the large wave flooded the plant’s emergency power generators, knocking out vital cooling systems to the six nuclear reactors at the power plant, and triggering a meltdown of reactor fuel rods. With the cooling systems offline, hydrogen gas built up in the reactor buildings, causing several hydrogen explosions in the days following the earthquake. The damaged reactors then inexorably leaked radiation into the environment of coastal Japan.1 More than 10 years have passed since the Fukushima disaster but the fear still lingers. Today, nuclear power’s reputation as a safe energy source has been damaged, despite the work of scientists, engineers, and organizations around the world who have made important advancements to this power source to make it more efficient and trustworthy.

 

Nuclear Power Reactors on fire during Fukushima Disaster \ Courtesy of Suffolk University

After the original tsunami, efforts were made to quickly fix the issues that resulted from the nuclear disaster. Japan’s then-Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, met with TEPCO (Tokyo Electric and Power Company) officials, creating the Integrated Response Center at the TEPCO headquarters near the explosions, and coordinating the evacuation of over 100,000 residents living within a 12-mile radius of the stricken power plant. 2 The response seemed bureaucratic, but it was necessary to coordinate the citizens and the various organizations that were part of the emergency response effort. Despite these efforts, it was became evident that there would be challenges in keeping the environment clean from any nuclear radiation, as part of the emergency response included the venting of gases to reduce the pressure in the reactor containment systems at the power plant. These actions incited local and global protests to protect the remaining citizens living near the power plants. As part of the comprehensive solution and to answer to these protests, the Japanese government issued a report on the various events that followed the March 11 earthquake. The report also highlighted the mistakes made by TEPCO officials that led to unsafe measures and global safety standards. 3

Protests Against Fukushima Nuclear Plant | Courtesy of Environmental Justice Atlas

The Fukushima disaster was classified as a level seven catastrophe (the highest level of the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale) for several reasons. About 20,000 people died as a direct result of the earthquake, hydrogen fires, and exposure to large amounts of radiation. While there have been other nuclear catastrophes before, such as the Chernobyl (1986) and the Three Mile Island (1979) incidents, the Fukushima disaster has been the second-largest disaster (after Chernobyl), and it is the deadliest and the most recent one. Additionally, the company in charge of the Fukushima nuclear plants, TEPCO, assured the Japanese that the facilities were “fail-safe”. However, the company overlooked several aspects of the facilities, that since their construction and commissioning in 1971, made them more vulnerable.

The people did not trust TEPCO anymore, and the fear that is common after environmental catastrophes re-surged after the disaster, changing how the Japanese viewed this power source. Before the Fukushima disaster, 30 percent of Japan’s energy needs were provided through nuclear energy, with plans of increasing it to 50 percent by 2030 to keep up with Japan’s energy demands while at the same time reducing the nation’s carbon footprint. However, in less than two years, most of the power plants in Japan were closed down or paused temporarily for inspection and risk assessment 4 After efforts to ensure the safety and maintenance of the plants were completed, 44 reactors resumed operations, providing about 22 percent of Japan’s energy needs. However, the number of active reactors did not sit well with the Japanese people, and the population at large was against this policy. Because of public disapproval, as of 2018, only three nuclear power plants continuing to generate electricity in Japan. 5

Because of the large amount of radioactive contamination released from the catastrophe, the direct costs of the accident are staggering. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, the total cost is likely to exceed $200 billion for cleanup and recovery, a process that will most likely take decades.6 However, recent research by environmental radiologist Thomas Johnson at Colorado State University says that the levels of radiation have decreased dramatically and in fact, other areas of the world have higher radiation levels than those found near the Fukushima plant. 7 There are still highly contaminated areas, however, including a valley north from the Fukushima plant, as the wind was blowing toward the northwest while the meltdown was occurring. 8

The Gösgen Nuclear Power Plant Däniken, Switzerland | Courtesy
of Patrick Federi

The Fukushima Disaster made the world more aware of the challenges associated with nuclear power, prompting policy changes around the world. While each nation’s reaction was different, depending on their view of nuclear power, anti-nuclear lobbying similar to Japan’s increased. For example, Germany and Switzerland announced that they would phase out their nuclear power plants after facing protests and public pressure. Venezuela cancelled their plans to build a nuclear power station, and other nations such as Australia, Denmark, Portugal, Norway, and Spain, joined the list of countries with anti-nuclear power movements. 9 On the other hand, despite vigorous debates on the role of nuclear energy, nations such as France, the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom continued to rely on nuclear power as an energy source. Planning of nuclear power stations in developing countries were also unaffected, however, the lack of trained technicians that are able to implement this energy source is keeping these nations from moving forward with plans to build nuclear power stations. 10

The Fukushima disaster changed many aspects of how we plan and manage nuclear energy, as well as our views of this energy source. Additionally, the accident reminded people of the need for correct management of energy production, and the overall effects that inadequate planning and controls can have on humans and the environment. Nuclear power is an important energy source that affects economics, politics, and culture, and the Fukushima disaster is a clear example of how energy’s interconnectedness with our lives goes beyond powering our day to day activities. The reality is that the world continues to rely heavily on nuclear power, and it is more important than ever for nations to learn from mistakes and continue to work on making nuclear energy both safer and more reliable.

  1. Learn, Joshua. “How Long Will Fukushima Stay Radioactive?” Discover Magazine, February 4, 2022. https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/how-long-will-fukushima-stay-radioactive
  2. Kan, Naoto, and Brett de Bary. 2018. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster and the Future of Renewable Energy. Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies Distinguished Speaker Series. Cornell University Press.
  3. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018, s.v. “Fukushima Accident.”
  4. Kan, Naoto, and Brett de Bary. 2018. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster and the Future of Renewable Energy. Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies Distinguished Speaker Series. Cornell University Press.
  5. Kan, Naoto, and Brett de Bary. 2018. The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster and the Future of Renewable Energy. Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies Distinguished Speaker Series. Cornell University Press.
  6. Ghosh, Padmaparna. “Nuclear Power 101.” NRDC, May 4, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/nuclear-power-101.
  7. Learn, Joshua. “How Long Will Fukushima Stay Radioactive?” Discover Magazine, May 4, 2022. https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/how-long-will-fukushima-stay-radioactive.
  8. Learn, Joshua. “How Long Will Fukushima Stay Radioactive?” Discover Magazine, May 4, 2022. https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/how-long-will-fukushima-stay-radioactive.
  9. Milošević, Zoran, Miroslav Vesković, Milivoj B. Gavrilov, Tin Lukić, and Slobodan B. Marković. 2013. “Using Natural Disasters to Instigate Radical Policy Changes – the Effect of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident on Nuclear Energy Policies.” Acta Geographica Slovenica 53 (1):186. doi:10.3986/AGS53303.
  10. Milošević, Zoran, Miroslav Vesković, Milivoj B. Gavrilov, Tin Lukić, and Slobodan B. Marković. 2013. “Using Natural Disasters to Instigate Radical Policy Changes – the Effect of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident on Nuclear Energy Policies.” Acta Geographica Slovenica 53 (1):186. doi:10.3986/AGS53303.

Tags from the story

carbon free

clean energy

energy

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster

non-renewable energy

Nuclear energy

nuclear power

Regina De La Parra

Regina de la Parra is a Senior at St. Mary’s University at San Antonio, Texas, and is double majoring in International & Global Studies and Environmental Science, as well as a certificate in Community Based Assessment and Evaluation. She was born in El Paso, Texas but grew up in sister city, Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, two dynamic cities full of culture and traditions. Her childhood and experiences have inspired her to find her academic path as well as identify areas of need in the borderlands. In the future, she would like to go back home and give back to her community through research and reciprocity.

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Recent Comments

Erica Mata

I liked this article because of how the event led to many others as well as how they highlighted the mistakes. I as well found interesting the fact how the articles let us know how the earthquake brought many problems. In addition, to how the event of the earthquake is making us aware of the nuclear energy and the challenges it brings. Another thing I found interesting is how the nuclear energy held back countries like Germany from using the power plants.

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11/09/2022

10:35 am

Guadalupe Altamira

The article gets straight to the point of the significant issue. I was aware of the tragedy of the earthquake and tsunami that hit japan but not the after-effects like the spreading of radiation. The details of the power plants and the overall article are very interesting especially about the different countries saying they don’t want to include power plants in their country.Very informative article

reply

11/09/2022

10:35 am

Gabriella Parra

Wow! This was a really eye-opening article. I can tell you conducted quality research. I had no idea of the effects of this earthquake on Japan. It is amazing that people lived so close to a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power is super important which makes it extra important that we are harnessing it in a safe and effective way.

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18/09/2022

10:35 am

Jace Nicolet

This is very interesting due to the fact that this could happen to anyone. This disaster is being called a level seven catastrophe and is a really big deal even though this is the first time I am hearing about it. This also opens our eyes to the dangers of nuclear power and how careful we have to be with it.

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19/09/2022

10:35 am

Joshua Zemanski

I always knew this happen but never took time to look into it and your article did a great job explaining it and how dangerous it was. Im glad more countries are realizing how dangerous nuclear power plants are when they are not under the right surveillance and protocols. They especially need experienced and trained workers to operate. This was a great article and a amazing read!

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26/09/2022

10:35 am

Seth Roen

It is sad that nuclear power has such a negative stigma despite its benefits. However, as you pointed out, it was not the unexpected disasters are the problem. But instead, the systems are in place to prevent disasters from growing. It is also rather sad that we have to learn from mistakes rather than fix a problem before it arises.

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02/10/2022

10:35 am

Samuel Vega

Regina, your article is a good summary of the Fukushima Disaster that was caused by a 9.0 earthquake: a natural disaster and a man-made disaster resulting in death and destruction. I found the discussion on nuclear power reputation to be informative. You gave a good list of countries that no longer support nuclear power and those that continue to support nuclear power as a key energy source. I agree nuclear energy must be properly planned and managed to keep our environment and people safe.

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02/10/2022

10:35 am

Vanessa Fabila-Ramirez

When I saw the title it really draw me in. Your article was really good. Its unbelievable that people live so close to Nuclear plants. People shouldn’t be allowed to live so close. The earthquake moved the island more than 2 meter to the east that’s crazy. Then a tsunami hit and took out the first Nuclear power plant and then killed so many people die or went missing because of this. I think the power plant should be where on one lives.

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23/10/2022

10:35 am

Jackie Velasquez

This article was really interesting to read. You did a great job at doing your research and putting it all together to tell the story. You provided details and went into depth with the effects of the earthquake and the power plant. The earthquake came with many problems and I admired how you went into detail with them and how the power plant is made to help in certain ways.

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23/10/2022

10:35 am

Lucia Rogel

This article shows many factors that contributed to different ideas during Japan’s evolution of nuclear power concerns. I like that the Japanese government seems to be taking accountability for the aftermath of the natural disasters, though at the expense of protest and a heightening public voice. The article also explains the pattern that I like to think of as similar to the ‘domino effect’, in which when a conflict arises in a country (or countries) others tend to take greater precautions to avoid those issues, with the way that Portugal, Australia, and a few others reacted to the events that have caused so many problems for the Japanese society and government.

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11/02/2023

10:35 am

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